Tuesday, March 25, 2014

Ethiopia spies on citizens with foreign technology: HRW


AFP – Ethiopia is using foreign technology to spy on citizens suspected of being critical of the government, Human Rights Watch said in a report released Tuesday.Ethiopia is using foreign technology to spy on citizens
The report accused the government of using Chinese and European technology to survey phone calls and Internet activity in Ethiopia and among the diaspora living overseas, and HRW said firms colluding with the government could be guilty of abuses.
“The Ethiopian government is using control of its telecom system as a tool to silence dissenting voices,” HRW’s business and human rights director Arvind Ganesan, said in a statement.
“The foreign firms that are providing products and services that facilitate Ethiopia’s illegal surveillance are risking complicity in rights abuses.”
The Ethiopian government dismissed the report as “mud-slinging” and accused the rights watchdog of repeatedly unfairly targeting the country.
“This is one of the issues that it has in the list of its campaigns to smear Ethiopia’s image, so there is nothing new to respond to it, because there is nothing new to it,” Ethiopia’s Information Minister, Redwan Hussein, told AFP.
He said Ethiopia is committed to improving access to telecommunications as part of its development program, not as a means to increase surveillance.
“The government is trying its level best to create access to not only to the urban but to all corners of the country,” Redwan added.
Ethiopia’s phone and internet networks are controlled by the state-owned Ethio Telecom, the sole telecommunications provider in the country.
HRW said the government’s telecommunications monopoly allows it to readily monitor user activity.
“Security officials have virtually unlimited access to the call records of all telephone users in Ethiopia. They regularly and easily record phone calls without any legal process or oversight,” the report said.
The rights watchdog said information gathered was often used to garner evidence against independent journalists and opposition activists, both inside Ethiopia and overseas.
In February, a US man filed a lawsuit against the Ethiopian government, accusing authorities of infecting his computer with spyware to monitor his online activity.
Rights groups have accused Ethiopia of cracking down on political dissenters, independent media and civil society through a series of harsh laws, including anti-terrorism legislation.
Only about 23 percent of Ethiopia’s 91 million people subscribe to mobile phones, and less than one percent have access to mobile internet, according to the International Telecommunications Union.
The government has committed to increasing mobile access by 2015, as part of an ambitious development plan.
Ethiopia has hired two Chinese firms, ZTE and Huawei, to upgrade the mobile network across the country.
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Human Right Watch Full Report

Ethiopia: Telecom Surveillance Chills Rights

Foreign Technology Used to Spy on Opposition inside Country, Abroad
(Berlin) – The Ethiopian government is using foreign technology to bolster its widespread telecom surveillance of opposition activists and journalists both in Ethiopia and abroad, Human Rights Watch said in a report released today.
The 100-page report“‘They Know Everything We Do’: Telecom and Internet Surveillance in Ethiopia,” details the technologies the Ethiopian government has acquired from several countries and uses to facilitate surveillance of perceived political opponents inside the country and among the diaspora. The government’s surveillance practices violate the rights to freedom of expression, association, and access to information. The government’s monopoly over all mobile and Internet services through its sole, state-owned telecom operator, Ethio Telecom, facilitates abuse of surveillance powers.
“The Ethiopian government is using control of its telecom system as a tool to silence dissenting voices,” said Arvind Ganesan, business and human rights director at Human Rights Watch. “The foreign firms that are providing products and services that facilitate Ethiopia’s illegal surveillance are risking complicity in rights abuses.”
The report draws on more than 100 interviews with victims of abuses and former intelligence officials in Ethiopia and 10 other countries between September 2012 and February 2014. Because of the government’s complete control over the telecom system, Ethiopian security officials have virtually unlimited access to the call records of all telephone users in Ethiopia. They regularly and easily record phone calls without any legal process or oversight.
Recorded phone calls with family members and friends – particularly those with foreign phone numbers – are often played during abusive interrogations in which people who have been arbitrarily detained are accused of belonging to banned organizations. Mobile networks have been shut down during peaceful protests and protesters’ locations have been identified using information from their mobile phones.
A former opposition party member told Human Rights Watch: “One day they arrested me and they showed me everything. They showed me a list of all my phone calls and they played a conversation I had with my brother. They arrested me because we talked about politics on the phone. It was the first phone I ever owned, and I thought I could finally talk freely.”
The government has curtailed access to information by blocking websites that offer any independent or critical analysis of political events in Ethiopia. In-country testing that Human Rights Watch and Citizen Lab, a University of Toronto research center focusing on internet security and rights, carried out in 2013 showed that Ethiopia continues to block websites of opposition groups, media sites, and bloggers. In a country where there is little in the way of an independent media, access to such information is critical.
Ethiopian authorities using mobile surveillance have frequently targeted the ethnic Oromo population. Taped phone calls have been used to compel people in custody to confess to being part of banned groups, such as the Oromo Liberation Front, which seeks greater autonomy for the Oromo people, or to provide information about members of these groups. Intercepted emails and phone calls have been submitted as evidence in trials under the country’s flawed anti-terrorism law, without indication that judicial warrants were obtained.
The authorities have also detained and interrogated people who received calls from phone numbers outside of Ethiopia that may not be in Ethio Telecom databases. As a result, many Ethiopians, particularly in rural areas, are afraid to call or receive phone calls from abroad, a particular problem for a country that has many nationals working in foreign countries.
Most of the technologies used to monitor telecom activity in Ethiopia have been provided by the Chinese telecom giant ZTE, which has been in the country since at least 2000 and was its exclusive supplier of telecom equipment from 2006 to 2009. ZTE is a major player in the African and global telecom industry, and continues to have a key role in the development of Ethiopia’s fledgling telecom network. ZTE has not responded to Human Rights Watch inquiries about whether it is taking steps to address and prevent human rights abuses linked to unlawful mobile surveillance in Ethiopia.
Several European companies have also provided advanced surveillance technology to Ethiopia, which have been used to target members of the diaspora. Ethiopia appears to have acquired and used United Kingdom and Germany-based Gamma International’s FinFisher and Italy-based Hacking Team’s Remote Control System. These tools give security and intelligence agencies access to files, information, and activity on the infected target’s computer. They can log keystrokes and passwords and turn on a device’s webcam and microphone, effectively turning a computer into a listening device. Ethiopians living in the UK, United States, Norway, and Switzerland are among those known to have been infected with this software, and cases have been brought in the US and UK alleging illegal wiretapping. One Skype conversation gleaned from the computers of infected Ethiopians has appeared on pro-government websites.
Gamma has not responded to Human Rights Watch inquiries as to whether it has any meaningful process in place to restrict the use or sale of these products to governments with poor human rights records. While Hacking Team applies certain precautions to limit abuse of its products, it has not confirmed whether and how those precautions applied to sales to the Ethiopian government.
“Ethiopia’s use of foreign technologies to target opposition members abroad is a deeply troubling example of this unregulated global trade, creating serious risks of abuse,” Ganesan said. “The makers of these tools should take immediate steps to address their misuse; including investigating the use of these tools to target the Ethiopian diaspora and addressing the human rights impact of their Ethiopia operations.”
Such powerful spyware remains virtually unregulated at the global level and there are insufficient national controls or limits on their export, Human Rights Watch said. In 2013, rights groups filed a complaint at the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development alleging such technologies had been deployed to target activists in Bahrain, and Citizen Lab has found evidence of use of these tools in over 25 countries.
The internationally protected rights to privacy, and freedom of expression, information, and association are enshrined in the Ethiopian constitution. However, Ethiopia either lacks or ignores judicial and legislative mechanisms to protect people from unlawful government surveillance. This danger is made worse by the widespread use of torture and other ill-treatment against political detainees in Ethiopian detention centers.
The extent of Ethiopia’s use of surveillance technologies may be limited by capacity issues and a lack of trust among key government ministries, Human Rights Watch said. But as capacity increases, Ethiopians may increasingly see far more pervasive unlawful use of mobile and email surveillance.
The government’s actual control is exacerbated by the perception among many Ethiopians that government surveillance is omnipresent, resulting in considerable self-censorship, with Ethiopians refraining from openly communicating on a variety of topics across telecom networks. Self-censorship is especially common in rural Ethiopia, where mobile phone coverage and access to the Internet is very limited. The main mode of government control is through extensive networks of informants and a grassroots system of surveillance. This rural legacy means that many rural Ethiopians view mobile phones and other telecommunications technologies as just another tool to monitor them, Human Rights Watch found.
“As Ethiopia’s telecom system grows, there is an increasing need to ensure that proper legal protections are followed and that security officials don’t have unfettered access to people’s private communications,” Ganesan said. “Adoption of Internet and mobile technologies should support democracy, facilitating the spread of ideas and opinions and access to information, rather than being used to stifle people’s rights.”

The Political Endeavors that continue to suffer from Lack One of the Critical Resources


by T.Goshu
Let me from outset make clear that I have tried to make my view points in this piece of writing of mine as clear and straight-forward as I could. I have tried not to beunnecessary diplomatic and not simply making politically correct statements.
I also want to make clear that I haven’t disregarded those intellectuals and those with various statuses of education who are trying their best as leaders or members of a political party /movement /civic groups, or at an individual capacity. With all the challenges they face and their own weaknesses, I have sincere respect and appreciation for doing what they can do. This said, let me proceed to the points I want to make.
1. When I do say the political endeavors, I do mean the political efforts being made by political parties and movements with a relatively genuine concerns about the political situation of the people as well as the very survival of the country.  I want to make clear here that the efforts of all genuinely concerned Ethiopians (as individuals) one way or the other were and  are parts and parcels of the endeavors by those opposition political parties and movements of then and now .
The political changes we desperately aspire go back to the 1960s with very limited practical efforts because of both objective and subjective circumstances of the time. It was in the 1970s that the political awakenings of the 1960s had to change into revolutionary movements. Needless to say that with all serious weaknesses and subsequently devastating consequences, the then revolutionary movements had their own significant impacts on the very course of the political history of our country.
There is no doubt that those revolutionary movements were characterized by an inspiringly active and massive participation. The very energetic and inspiring participation ofintellectuals and students who represented all sections of the society were incredibly phenomenal. And it goes without saying that all those forces of movements (with the exception of the military junta group) had enormous influence on the political awakening of the people at large.
Well, we may have and should have rational criticism about what went wrong with the process of the movements, and the serious consequences the generation had to face.   It is not deniable that those active and massive movements for the establishment of democratically legitimate political system and for the betterment of socio-economic life had suffered a lot because of the serious weaknesses of one of the most important inputs. This does not, however, mean that there was lack of enthusiastic participation by well-educated citizens (intellectuals) as such. It is rather to mean that the very essence of intellectualitycould not transform itself into the wisdom of doing things the way it should have advanced the very interests of the people. Those movements or struggles had been victims of political ideology that was characterized by the up-rooting of our own well-founded values of history, culture, morality, faith and social fiber. Simply put, the directly imported socialist ideology (radical revolution and class struggle) had resulted in self -identity and self-confidence crises. As a very young student, I remember how innocent and illiterate citizens (including farmers of remote rural areas) were forced to recite revolutionary slogans of which they had no any rudimentary clues about their meanings. It was absolutely dehumanizing to make those innocent citizens just chant concepts that were absolutely foreign to them.
However, on the other hand, I strongly argue that this kind of critical review on those political struggles sounds fair and rational only in relative terms. In other words, it is only when we see things from the perspective of where we are now that our critical review makes sense. Needless to say, it is unfair, if not irrational to look at the serious mistakes we made in the past regardless of the existed internal and external circumstances. Neither it is fair to undermine those who had paid ultimate sacrifices believing that they would help the people establish a political system in which they could exercise their fundamental rights.  It seems so easy to criticize and pass judgments on what terribly went wrong years ago whereas we now live in completely different times and circumstances.
With this perspective, I want to continue making my view points by posing very critical questions about the challenges we have encountered for the last two decades, and   the roles played by and the progress made by our intellectuals . Here they are: Have most of theintellectuals showed significant change of attitude and way of thinking in this regard?  Have they really tried to learn hard lessons and make strong and meaningful efforts to use their intellect and wisdom that could help the people shorten the untold misery they continue to suffer from?  Are we fortunate enough to see a real sense of willingness and ability to learn from our terrible mistakes and move forward with significantly noticeable progress in the interaction between our intellectuals and our society?   To my observation and understanding, the answers to those questions are much more negative than positive. I wish I could be deadly wrong. But that could not be the case unless we pretend to be.
From all what we have terribly experienced for the last two decades,  it is not an exaggeration to argue that it is very unfortunate to witness the continuation of suffering from similar, if not the worst lack of one of the most critical resources (intellect and wisdom) for a democratic change the people desperately aspire . Needless to say, the current ruling party (TPLF/EPRDF) keeps working hard to exploit this very unfortunate situation with its policy of either punishing with its merciless stick or providing those opportunistic and nonsensically selfish intellectuals with its carrot which can fills up their bellies but kills their souls. Is this highly damaging political agenda still working? Unless we want to remain victims of denying what we do not want to face, there is no doubt it is still working. Despite all kinds of clumsy pretenses, there is no doubt that the majority of intellectuals and citizens with various statuses of education are victims of either the deadly stick or the soul killing carrot of the ruling circle. Do not get me wrong that I am calling for unnecessary confrontation with deadly political game of the ruling circle. What I am trying to argue is that the majority of intellectuals and those with certain level of education look self-disqualified as far as the very essence of education is concerned. Yes, one of the very right purposes of being educated is not only for self-help but also help the society which we belong to. And one of the most important fronts of the struggle is to create a generation that decides its destiny based on rational, independent, critical and forward-looking intellect and wisdom. Needless to say, a society which is not able to produce and nurture this critical resource remains being vulnerable to the general (political, socio-economic, identity, moral or ethical, cultural and even religious) crises. And unless we want remain with the sentiment of avoiding to hear what we do not want to hear and not accepting the misery we are living with, that is exactly the situation where we found ourselves in at this moment in time.
The question of what kind of intellect and wisdom the “multiplying” higher education institutions in our country are producing is unprecedentedly frustrating. I sometimes try to watch some university lecturers (including PhDs and Professors) as well as those well- educated citizens who represent the government of the ruling elites as panelists of ETV on certain critical national issues. It is incredibly disgraceful how they terribly struggle with themselves in order not to make the ruling party uncomfortable with their comments and views. It is not just deeply worrisome but is a terrible crisis to watch those “intellectuals” trying to take off their own intellectual personalities and play the characters of political cadres on a television screen. Sadly enough, the innocent people of Ethiopia have continued to be terrified by watching those disgracefully self- disqualified intellectuals who were expected to shape all-round personalities of their sons and daughters.
Genuinely concerned fellow men and women, unless we try to fool our consciences, what we are witnessing in the area of education is nothing, but killing a generation. Yes, a generation that is being deprived of equipping itself with knowledge, wisdom and skill cannot be in a position to protect its own interests leave alone fight for saving the society from any catastrophe and safeguarding the very survival of the country. I am well aware that some fellow Ethiopians may feel that this argument of mine sounds harshly critical. But, I strongly believe that that is the reality we have to face if we have to make a meaningfully political and socio-economic difference with a real sense of concerted effort. It goes without saying that a society that suffers from severe lack of problem-solving educational undertakings is vulnerable to a horrible vicious circle of failure. And that is what is happening in our country.
Needless to say, the very idea of problem-solving goes beyond technical and professional standards and performances. It has to be characterized by the very essence of shaping and reshaping a generation that can assert itself to be the locomotive force of creating a society of freedom, justice, a real sense of equality, human dignity and shared prosperity. This is because if being educated is considered as simply sheer technical and professional services without questioning for what purpose and why and to whom, it is doomed to fail. In other words, if the very existence and essence of intellectuality does not make a meaningful difference in the process of peoples’ struggle for the prevalence of genuine freedom; it couldn’t be better than any commodity for sale regardless of asking about the legitimacy and value of its end purpose. Sadly enough, the challenges we are facing in intellectual and other educational arena in our country is two-fold: a) in terms of quality and b) in terms of vulnerability to the very political agenda of the ruling elites who themselves have suffered and continue to suffer from deadly ignorance and beast-like arrogance. And that is why it would be senselessly wrong to deny that we are in a very deep crisis; and unless we come together and get rid of the very root-cause (the ugly political game) and establish a genuinely good governance, there couldn’t be any reason to be believe that this generation and the generations to come will maintain their very survival let alone change for the better.  There is an urgent and compelling reason to give a deep and serious attention to this side of our crises.
2. How about the role of intellectuals and those with certain level of education in the diaspora? I am sorry to say but I have to say that given the freedom we relatively enjoy in the countries we live, particularly in the western hemisphere , most of us are still parts of the problem, not the solution in the real sense of the term. I do not think we need to do research to prove this deeply unfortunate situation. The very day-to-day realities of the people in every aspect of their lives for the last quarter of a century speak much more powerfully than our intellectual theorization and abstraction.     We fled our country for any reason we might have and we are very good in describing and characterizing our country as a country of acute problem of brain-drain.  And that is a good thing. However, the very challenging questions are: What practical, meaningful and constructive role we have registered for the last quarter of a century? How many economists, health professionals, engineers, lawyers, diplomats, agriculturalists, teachers, and even church education educators etc. have fled their countries for the last four decades? How many of us have taken our strong opposition to the deadly political agenda of the ruling circle beyond securing our request for political asylum (for those who are in this category)? How many of those who fled their country through refuge programs and other non-asylum programs (visa lottery and working and other visa programs) have dared to stand against the deadly political agenda in our country?  How many of us try to keep our real sense of attachment to our country and the people who are living (if it is living at all) in an incrediblyimpoverished and dehumanized situation? How many of the intellectuals go beyond making the theorization and abstraction of political concepts whenever they get a chance to appear on various media? How many of the intellectuals have tried to discuss the necessity of creating kind of think tank of which they can produce resources that could help people’s struggle for political freedom and socio-economic justiceHow many of the intellectuals talk about the tyrannical regime in our country behind public talks, but very careful (better to say stupidly careful) private talks in order  not to be identified by agents and cameras of TPLF/EPRDF? I could go on and on and on with so many challenging questions that could be hard, if not impossible to challenge back.
The very problem of not making significantly meaningful progress in the area I am talking about is deeply disturbing when it comes to those intellectuals who claim themselves big players in the diaspora politics.  Imagine genuinely concerned fellow Ethiopians; some of them (intellectuals) do claim themselves as active opposition politicians for more than forty years (from back home to the politics in exile). Sadly enough, the intellectuals in these political groups keep making rhetoric after rhetoric, not making practical steps that could make a difference in the process of the struggle. I am sorry to say but I have to say that they look run out of sound political ideas, strategic thinking, and the courage of engaging themselves in the ongoing struggle as reinforcing and coordinating forces. Some intellectuals of politics in the diaspora  have told us that it took two years of study or research  for them to form a coalition (Shengo) consisting of political and civic groups and  prominent individuals.   This was just about two years ago (after 18 years of the tyrannical ruling party). Well, we can say that although the move was too late, and the two- year study and preparation does not sound meaningfully convincing, it has to be acknowledged and recognized as a positive step.  Once again, we are not witnessing things moving for the better. How? Let me jot down a couple of my observation as cases in point: a) they (intellectuals in the Shengo) strongly argue that members of the coalition have a real sense of cohesion as far as the most critical national issues and the fundamental common interests of the Ethiopian people are concerned.
If that is genuinely true, I would like to argue that there is no a convincing reason why at least those with much more strong cohesion of objectives, strategies, programs and course of action could not pull  their political , financial , material and human resources  together and make merger or unification? If we take for instance the case of the National Transitional Council, its objective and mission is not contrary to what most of the political groups of the Shengo are talking about. The transitional agenda of the Council could not take place in a vacuum. It can only take place with an active participation and a real sense of ownership of all concerned opposition political parties. To my understanding, the issues and responsibilities of dealing with a big task of political transition cannot be effective leave alone efficient if it is not done with a broad –based and a real sense of shared ownership and responsibility. b) I do argue that this kind of plat -form (individuals, political parties, advocacy groups, civil right groups, committee of boarder issues) can only work effectivelyif they are organized as a consultative body. But what we hear from the leadership of the Shengo seems a bit “amorphous” as far as the way it tries to put those issues which are strictly political and all groups and individuals who have their own specific objectives and targets together. What I am trying to say is that it makes a strong sense first to make real sense of togetherness among political parties and movements; and then create a common plat-form or consultative forum with individuals and other civic and advocacygroups. I think although there can be other reasons for not making significant progress, this kind of amorphous set up is one of the reasons for keeping the tendency of being much more rhetorical than practical.
I want to say that although it is not undeniable that intellectuals in Ethiopia are suffering from both excessively perceived and actual fear and that could somehow be understandable, the terrible failure of the intellectuals in the diaspora is difficult to comprehend. Could this deeply puzzling trend change for the better? Of course it could! But only if and only if it comes from a critical and courageous struggle within ourselves.

แ‹จแˆ˜แˆตแ‹‹แ‹•แ‰ตแАแ‰ต แ‹ˆแŠ•แŒŒแˆ (แŠจแŒธแŒ‹แ‹ฌ แŒˆ/แˆ˜แ‹ตแŠ…แŠ• แŠ แˆญแŠ แ‹ซ)


แŠจแŒธแŒ‹แ‹ฌ แŒˆ/แˆ˜แ‹ตแŠ…แŠ• แŠ แˆญแŠ แ‹ซ
แ‰ แŠ แŒค แŠ€แ‹ญแˆˆแˆฅแˆ‹แˆด แ‹˜แˆ˜แА แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆฅแ‰ต (แ‰ 1960 แŠ แŠซแ‰ฃแ‰ข) แŠคแ‹ตแˆ˜แŠ•แ‹ต แˆ˜แˆช แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰ฃแˆˆ แŠ แˆœแˆชแŠซแ‹Š แ‹จแ‹•แˆˆแ‰ณแ‹Šแ‹ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แˆ”แˆซแˆแ‹ต แŒ‹แ‹œแŒฃ แŠ แˆ›แŠซแˆช แˆ†แŠ– แ‹ญแˆฐแˆซ แАแ‰ แˆญ። แŠฅแŠ›แˆ แŠฅแŠ•แŒ แˆจแŒฅแˆจแ‹ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแАแ‰ แˆจ แˆแˆ‰ แ‹จแŠ แˆœแˆชแŠซ แˆตแˆˆแˆ‹ แ‹ตแˆญแŒ…แ‰ต แˆ แˆซแ‰ฐแŠ› (แŠฎแŠ•แ‰ณแŠญแ‰ต แˆ›แŠ•) แАแ‹። (แŠฅแŒแ‹œแˆฉ แ‹ญแ‹ญแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹แŠ“ แˆˆแŠซ แ‰ แŠฅแŠ›แˆ แˆ˜แˆแˆ แˆฐแ‹‹แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‹ญแ‰ฐแŠญแˆ‰ แАแ‰ แˆญ) แŠคแ‹ต แˆ˜แˆช แ‹จแˆฅแА แŒฝแˆ‘แ แˆฐแ‹ แˆตแˆˆแˆ†แА แ‰ แˆ›แˆตแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰‚แ‹ซ แˆšแŠ’แˆตแ‰ดแˆญ “แ‰ฐแˆจแˆ แ‹œแŠ“” แ‹จแˆแŠ•แˆˆแ‹แŠ• – แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ญแ‰ณแ‰ฐแˆ˜แ‹แŠ•แŠ“ แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ญแ‰ณแ‹ˆแŒ€แ‹แŠ• (แ‰ แˆซแ‹ฒแ‹ฎแŠ“ แ‰ แ‰ดแˆŒแ‰ชแ‹ฅแŠ•) แ‰ แŠ•แŒฅแˆจ แАแŒˆแˆฉ แˆ˜แ‹แˆฐแŒƒ แˆฅแแˆซ แ‹จแ‰ฐแАแˆแˆตแАแ‹แŠ• แˆแˆ‰ แˆฐแ‰ฅแˆตแ‰ฆ แŠซแŒˆแŒฃแŒ แˆ˜แ‹ แ‰ แŠ‹แˆ‹ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แŠ แˆœแˆชแŠซ แˆฒแˆ˜แˆˆแˆต Kulubi แ‹จแˆšแˆ แˆ˜แŒฝแˆแ แŠ แ‹ˆแŒฃ። แŠฅแŠ•แŒแ‹ฒแˆ… แ‰ฐแˆจแˆ แ‹œแŠ“ แ‹จแŒˆแ‰ฃแ‰ฝแˆ แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆตแˆแŠ›แˆ። แŠจแ‰ฅแˆญแˆƒแŠ•แŠ“ แˆฐแˆ‹แˆ แˆ›แ‰ฐแˆšแ‹ซ แ‰คแ‰ต แ‰ฅแ‹™ แˆณแŠ•แˆญแ‰…- แŒ แ‰ฃแ‹ซแ‰ฝแŠ•แŠ• แ‹ˆแ‹ฐแˆ›แ‹ซแ‹แ‰ แˆฐแˆแˆฎแ‰ฝ แ‰ แ‹ˆแˆจแˆซ แˆ˜แˆแŠญ แˆณแŠ•แ‹˜แˆแ‰ต แŠฅแ‹šแ‹ซแ‰ฝแ‹ แŠจแ‰ฃแ‹•แ‰ณแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆแˆ›แ‹ณแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‰€แˆ›แˆแˆตแŠ“ (แŠจแ‰ขแˆซ แŠ แ‹ซแˆแแˆ) แ‰ถแˆŽ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แˆ›แ‰ฐแˆšแ‹ซ แ‰คแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แˆ˜แˆˆแˆณแˆˆแŠ•። แŠฅแŠ•แŒแ‹ฒแˆ… แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แˆ›แ‰ฐแˆšแ‹ซ แ‰คแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แˆ˜แˆˆแˆณแˆˆแŠ•። “แˆแˆณแ‰ฝแŠ•แŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แŒ แŒฃ” แ‹ญแˆ‹แˆ‰ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ณแŠ•แ‹ถแ‰ปแ‰ฝแŠ•። แ‰€แˆต แ‰ฅแˆŽ แˆแˆ‹แ‰ฝแŠ•แˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ… แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆแŠ•แˆ แ‰ฐแ‹ฐแˆญแŒ แ‰ฐแ‹ˆแˆญแ‰ถแ‰ฅแŠ“แˆ።
แ‰ แˆแˆฝแ‰ฑ แ‹จแ‰ขแˆซ แ‰ณแ‹ญแˆ แŠ แ‹แ‰ต แˆฐแ‹“แ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐ แˆšแ‹šแ‹ฌ (แˆ˜แŠญแˆฐแˆต) แˆแ‰ตแ‰ณแ‰ฐแˆ แ‹ซแˆแ‰ปแˆˆแ‰ฝแŠ“ แ‹จแˆ›แ‰ตแ‰ฝแˆ แ‹ˆแˆฌ แ‰ตแ‰€แˆญแ‰ฃแˆˆแ‰ฝ። แ‹ตแˆฎ แ‹ตแˆฎ แŠฅแŠ” แ‰ แ‹›แˆฌแ‹ชแ‰ฑ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‰ แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แˆชแ–แˆญแ‰ฐแˆญแАแ‰ต แˆตแˆ แˆซ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ณแŠ•แ‹ถแ‰นแŠ• แ‰ฐแˆจแˆ- แ‹œแŠ“ แ‹แˆƒ แŠฅแ‹จแŒจแˆ˜แˆญแˆแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ “แ‹จแŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แŠ แ‰ แ‰ฃ แˆนแŠญแˆนแŠญแ‰ณแ‹Žแ‰ฝ” แ‰ฅแ‹ฌ แˆˆแˆ›แ‹แŒฃแ‰ต แˆžแŠญแˆฌแ‹ซแˆˆแˆ። แ‹ซแˆ แˆ†แŠ– “แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ญแ‰ณแ‰ฐแˆ™แŠ“ แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ญแ‰ณแ‹ˆแŒ” “แ‰ฐแˆจแˆ แ‹œแŠ“” แ‹ฐแŠ…แŠ“ แŠ แ‹ตแˆญแŒˆแŠ• แˆฐแˆแ‰€แŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แˆ˜แˆˆแˆณแˆˆแŠ•። แŠ แˆ‰แ‰ฃแˆแ‰ณ แŠ แˆแ‰ฐแŠจแˆˆแŠจแˆˆแˆ። แ‹จแ‰ฐแŠจแˆˆแŠจแˆˆแ‹ แ‰ แŒ‹แ‹œแŒฃแŠ“ แ‰ แˆซแ‹ฒแ‹ฎ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แАแ‹። แ‹จแŠคแ‹ตแˆ˜แˆช “แ‰แˆแ‰ข” แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ… แ‹ซแˆ‰แŠ“ แ‹จแ‰ แˆˆแŒ  แ‰ แ–แˆˆแ‰ฒแŠซ แ‰ตแŠซแ‹œแ‹ซแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹ˆแ‰…แ‰ต แ‰ แ‰ฅแ‰…แˆ แ‹จแˆ˜แŒฃ แŠ แˆณแ‰ฅ แŠจแŠฅแŠ›แ‹ แˆˆแ‰ƒแ‰…แˆž แŒฅแˆฉ แ‹แ‰ แ‰ตแŠ“ แˆตแˆ‹แ‰… แˆˆแ‰ฅแˆถ แ‹จแˆ˜แŒฃ แˆ˜แŒฝแˆแ แАแ‹። แŠ แ‹ญ แ‹จแˆฐแˆ‹แ‹ญ แАแŒˆแˆญ! (แ‰ แŠ‹แˆ‹ แŒŠแ‹œ- แ‰ 2006แ‹“.แˆ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆฐแ‹แ‹จแ‹ แˆฒแˆžแ‰ต แˆฐแˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแАแ‰ แˆจ แ‰ แŠฆแŠแˆฒแ‹ซแˆ แ‰ฐแАแŒแˆฎแŠ“แˆ። แ‹ซแˆˆแˆ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ณแŠ•แ‹ต แŒŠแ‹œ แ‹ญแŒฅแˆ˜แŠ“แˆ። แ‹ฐแˆซแˆฒแ‹ซแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠ แ‰ค แŒ‰แ‰ แŠ› แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แŒŠแ‹œ- แ‰ แ‹šแ‹ซแ‹ แ‰ แŠ แŒคแ‹ แˆฅแˆญแ‹“แ‰ต แŠ แˆœแˆชแŠซ แˆ„แ‹ถ แˆฒแˆ˜แˆˆแˆต แ‰ แˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซ แ‹ซแ‹ˆแˆซแˆแŠ แŠคแ‹ตแˆ˜แˆชแŠ• แ‰ แŒˆแ‹› แŠ แŒˆแˆฉ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแ‹ฐแ‰ แ‹ฐแ‰ แ‹ แАแ‹። แŠฅแŠ”แˆ “แ‹จแŠฅแŠ” แ‹˜แˆญแ‹“แ‹ญแ‹ตแˆจแˆต!” แŠ แˆแˆแ‰ต።)
แŠ แ‹ŽแŠ• แŠคแ‹ต แˆ˜แˆช- แ‰ แŠ‹แˆ‹ แŒŠแ‹œ แ‰ แ‹“แˆ‰ แŒแˆญแˆ› แˆฒแŒฝแ แ‰ แАแ‰ แˆจแ‰ แ‰ต แˆตแ‰ณแ‹ญแˆ – แ‹จแˆ›แˆตแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰‚แ‹ซ แˆšแŠ’แˆตแ‰ดแˆญ แˆนแˆ›แˆแŠ•แ‰ต แŠ แŒฃแˆแˆฎ แ‰ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆตแˆ แŠฅแ‹ซแ‰€แˆจแ‰  แ‰ แˆ›แŠ“แŒˆแˆญ แˆ˜แŒฝแˆแ‰แŠ• แŠ แŒฃแแŒฆแ‰ณแˆ። แ‰ แ‹šแ‹ซ แŒฝแˆ‘แ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ แ‰…แˆญแ‰ฅ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹แ‰€แ‹แŠ• แ‰ แˆ˜แŒจแˆจแˆปแ‹ แ‹จแŠ แŒคแ‹ แˆฅแˆญแ‹“แ‰ต แ‹จแŠ…แ‰ตแˆ˜แ‰ฑ แ•แˆฌแˆต แˆแŠญแ‰ตแˆ แˆšแŠ’แˆตแ‰ตแˆญ แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆจแ‹แŠ• แŠ แ‰ถ แ‰ฐแŒˆแŠ˜ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆปแ‹ˆแˆญแ‰…แŠ• “แ‰ฐแˆตแ‹แ‹ฌ” แ‰ฅแˆŽ แ‹‹แŠ“แ‹ แŒˆแŒธ แ‰ฃแˆ•แˆญแ‹ญ แ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒˆแ‹‹แˆ። (แ‹จแŠ…แ‰ตแˆ˜แ‰ฑ แ•แˆฌแˆต แˆ˜แˆแˆชแ‹ซ แ‹จแˆ˜แŒจแˆจแˆปแ‹ แ‹จแ‹ฐแˆญแŒ แ‹˜แˆ˜แŠ• แŠ…แˆ‹แŠ แ‹ญแˆ… แŒธแˆแŠ แАแ‰ แˆญ።) (แ‰ฐแˆจแˆ- แ‹œแŠ“ แˆ›แ‰…แˆจแ‰ค แАแ‹- แ‰ฃแ‹ซแˆแˆญแˆแŠแˆ) แˆˆแ‰แˆ แАแŒˆแˆฉ แŠคแ‹ต แˆ˜แˆช แ‰ตแŠ•แŠ•แˆนแŠ•แˆ (แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ แ‹จแ‰ตแˆแˆแ‰†แ‰นแŠ• แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹จแ‹ˆแˆฒแ‰ฅ แˆ•แ‹ญแ‹ˆแ‰ตแŠ“ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ณแŠ•แ‹ต แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆฅแˆแŒฃแŠ–แ‰ฝ แŠฅแŒ…แŒ แ‹ˆแˆซแ‹ณ แ‰ แˆ†แА แˆแŠ”แ‰ณ แ‰†แАแŒƒแŒ…แ‰ต แŠฅแ‹จแˆ˜แˆจแŒก แˆˆแ‰ตแˆแˆแ‰†แ‰น (แˆตแˆ แŠ แˆ‹แАแˆณแˆ) แˆตแˆˆแˆšแ‹ซแ‰€แˆญแ‰กแ‰ แ‰ต แˆแŠ”แ‰ณ แ‹ญแ‹ˆแˆณแˆ። แŠ แŠ•แ‹ณแŠ•แ‹ถแ‰ฝ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‹จแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แ‹จแ–แˆˆแ‰ฒแŠซ แˆ•แ‹ญแ‹ˆแ‰ต แˆแŠ• แŠ แ‰…แŒฃแŒซ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแ‹ญแ‹ แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ณแ‹ซแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแŒญแŠ•แ‰… แˆ•แ‹ญแ‹ˆแ‰ต แŠฅแ‹ซแˆณแˆˆแ‰ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแŒˆแŠ™ แ‰ƒแŠแ‰ถแŠ แˆ። แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแ‹ซแ‹แˆ แ‹‹แŠ“ แŒˆแŒธ- แ‰ฃแˆ•แˆญแ‹ญ แŠ แ‹ตแˆญแŒ แ‹จแˆณแˆˆแ‹ “แ‰ฐแˆตแ‹แ‹ฌ” (แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ตแˆ แ‰ฐแŒˆแŠ˜ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆปแ‹ˆแˆญแ‰…) แ‰ แ‹šแˆ… แˆจแŒˆแ‹ต แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰ƒแŒ แˆˆ- แŠฅแ‹จแŠจแˆฐแˆˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแŒˆแŠ แ‹ซแ‹ˆแˆณแˆ። แ‹จแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แ‹แ‹ตแ‰€แ‰ต፣ แ‹จแŠญแ‰ฅแˆญแ‹‹ แ‹ตแ‰…แ‰ต፣ -แ‹จแŠ แŠ•แ‹ตแАแ‰ตแ‹‹ แˆ˜แแˆจแˆต- แ‰ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แ‹ˆแ‰…แ‰ต แ‹ฐแˆ€แ‹‹ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐ แŠ แˆœแˆชแŠซ፣ แŠฅแŠ•แŒแˆŠแ‹፣ แˆแˆจแŠ•แˆณแ‹ญ… แŠซแˆ‰ แŠ แŒˆแˆฎแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠฉแˆแŠ“ แŠจแ‰ถแ‹แŠ•แˆ แŒแˆ‹ แ‰ฅแˆ‹ แ‹จแˆ˜แ‰ณแ‹จแ‰ตแ‹‹แŠ• แˆแŠ”แ‰ณ..แ‹ˆแ‹˜แ‰ฐ แ‹ญแАแŒแˆจแŠ“แˆ። แ‹จแ–แˆˆแ‰ฒแŠซแ‹แŠ• แˆแŠ”แ‰ณ แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆจแˆแˆซแˆ። แŠ แ‹ŽแŠ• แ‰ฐแˆตแ‹แ‹ฌ แŠจแŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แ‰ตแˆแ‰… แ‰ฐแˆซแˆซ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹ซแ‰†แˆ˜แ‹‹แˆ። แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซแŠ• แ‰ แˆ™แˆ‰ แ‹ซแ‹ซแˆ። แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆตแ‹แ‹ฌ แŠ แŠฅแˆแˆฎ แ‰ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆดแŠฎแŠ•แ‹ต แŠฅแ‹ญแ‰ณ แˆฐแˆ›แ‹ซแ‰ต แˆฒแ‹ฐแ‰แ‰ แ‰ต፣ แ‹ซแ‰ณแ‹จแ‹‹แˆ። แŠ แŠฅแˆแˆฎแ‹ แˆฎแŒ ። แˆฎแŒ ። แŠฅแ‹šแ‹ซ แ‰ฐแˆซแˆซ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹ฐแˆซแˆฒแ‹ แˆˆแˆแŠ• แ‰ฐแˆตแ‹แ‹ฌแŠ• แŠ แ‹ˆแŒฃแ‹? แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แˆฒแŠ“ แ‰ฐแˆซแˆซ፣ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แŠซแˆญแˆœแˆ แ‰ฐแˆซแˆซ፣ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แ‹ฐแ‰ฅแˆจแ‹˜แ‹ญแ‰ต แ‰ฐแˆซแˆซ แˆ„แ‹ฐแ‹ แŠจแŠ แˆแˆ‹แŠซแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแ‰€แ‰ แˆ‰แ‰ตแŠ• แ‰ƒแˆแŠ“ แˆ˜แˆแŠฅแŠญแ‰ต แˆตแˆˆแ‰ฐแˆจแŠจแ‰กแ‰ตแŠ“ แ‰ แАแ‹šแ‹ซแ‹ แ‰ฐแˆซแˆฎแ‰ฝแˆ (แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ แŒŒแ‰ณ แŠขแ‹จแˆฑแˆต แ‰ แ‹ฐแ‰ฅแˆจแ‹˜แ‹ญแ‰ต แ‰ฐแˆซแˆซ) แˆˆแˆ•แ‹แ‰ก แˆฒแ‹ซแˆตแ‰ฐแˆแˆฉ แŠฅแŠ“แАแ‰ฅแ‰ฃแˆˆแŠ•። แ‹จแŒแˆชแŠญ แŠ แˆ›แˆแŠญแ‰ต แˆ˜แŠ–แˆชแ‹ซ แ‰ แˆšแ‰ฃแˆ‰แ‰ต แ‰ แŠฆแˆŠแˆแแˆต፣ แ‹จแˆฎแˆ›แ‹แ‹ซแŠ• แŠ แˆ›แˆแŠฅแŠญแ‰ต แ‰คแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆ˜แŒˆแŠ› แ‰ แˆšแ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹ แŠ แˆแ•แˆต- แ‰ แˆ’แˆ›แˆ‹แ‹ซแˆต แ‰ฐแˆซแˆฎแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆ•แŠ•แ‹ต แˆบแˆ… แ‰ แˆบแˆ… แŠ แˆ›แˆแŠฅแŠญแ‰ตแŠ“ แˆ˜แˆแŠฅแŠญแ‰ถแ‰ปแ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ฅแ‹™ แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฅแ‰ แŠ“แˆ።
แ‹จแŠคแ‹ต แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ “แ‰ฐแˆตแ‹แ‹ฌ” แŠจแŠฅแŠ•แŒฆแŒฆ แ‰ฐแˆซแˆซ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹ญแ‰†แˆแŠ“ แ‰ตแˆแ‰‚แ‰ฑแŠ• แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แˆˆแˆ›แ‹จแ‰ต แ‹ญแˆžแŠญแˆซแˆ። แ‰ตแˆแ‰‚แ‰ฑ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แˆˆแ‰ตแŠ“แŠ•แˆฝ แ‹“แ‹ญแŠ–แ‰น แŠฎแˆณแˆณแŠ“ แ‰ตแŠ•แˆฝ แˆ†แŠ“ แ‰ณแ‹จแ‰ฝแ‹። แ‹จแˆแŒ… แŠขแ‹ซแˆฑ แ‹ˆแ‹ณแŒ…แŠ“ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆŸแˆ แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆฉแ‰ต แŠ แ‰ฃแ‰ฑ แ‰ แŒแ‹žแ‰ต แ‰ แАแ‰ แˆฉแ‰ แ‰ต แŒŠแ‹œ แ‹ฐแˆด แ‰ฐแ‹ˆแˆแ‹ถ แ‹ซแ‹ฐแŒˆแ‰ แ‰ตแŠ“ แŠจแŠฅแˆณแ‰ธแ‹แˆ แˆตแˆˆแ‹แ‰ฅ แŠ แŒˆแˆฉ แˆฒแˆฐแˆ› แ‹ซแ‹ฐแŒˆแ‰ แ‰ต แˆแŠ”แ‰ณ …แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แˆแˆจแˆญ แˆ„แ‹ถ แ‹จแˆแŒ…แАแ‰ต แˆ˜แŠ•แˆแˆฑแŠ• แˆตแˆˆแŠ แŒˆแˆชแ‰ฑ แ‰ณแˆ‹แ‰…แАแ‰ต แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแˆจแ‹ณ แ‹จแŠ–แˆจแ‰ แ‰ต፣ แŠ แ‰ฅแˆฎ แŠ แ‹ฐแŒ‰ แ‹จแˆˆแ‹แŒฅ แˆ˜แŠ•แˆแˆฑ แ‹จแ‹ณแ‰ แˆจแ‰ แ‰ตแŠ• แˆแŠ”แ‰ณ፣ แ‰ แŠฎแ‰ฐแ‰ค แˆแˆˆแ‰ฐแŠ› แ‹ฐแˆจแŒƒ…แ‰ แ‹ฉแŠ’แ‰จแˆญแˆฒแ‰ฒ แŠฐแˆŒแŒ… แ‹ซแˆณแˆˆแˆแ‹ แ‹จแ–แˆˆแ‰ฒแŠซ แŠ•แ‰…แŠ“แ‰„ แˆ•แ‹ญแ‹ˆแ‰ต፣ แŠจแ‰ฆแˆตแ‰ฐแŠ• แ‹ฉแŠ’แ‰จแˆญแˆฒแ‰ฒ แˆฒแˆ˜แˆˆแˆต แˆแŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ፣ แˆแŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แˆ†แŠ• แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆจแ‹ แˆ…แˆแˆ แŒแŒฅแˆ แŠ แˆˆแ‰ แ‰ต። แˆˆแ‰ตแŠ“แŠ•แˆฝ แŠ แ‹ญแŠ–แ‰น፣ แˆˆแ‰ตแŠ•แˆฝแ‹‹ แŒญแŠ•แ‰…แˆ‹แ‰ฑ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แŠฎแˆตแˆณแŠ“ แŠฐแˆตแˆแŠ“ แ‰ณแ‹จแ‰ฝแ‹። “แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ! แ‹ˆแ‹ญ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ!” แŠ แˆˆแŠ“ แˆฒแŒจแˆญแˆต แŠจแŠฅแАแ‹šแ‹ซแ‹ แˆแˆ-แ‹“แ‹ญแŠ–แ‰น แ‹แˆƒ แ‹ญแ‰€แ‹ณ แŒˆแ‰ฃ። แŠ แˆˆแ‰€แˆฐ።
แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ… แ‹“แ‹ญแАแ‰ต แ‰ณแˆชแŠญ แแŒปแˆœแŠ“ แ‹จแˆŒแˆ‹ แ‰ณแˆชแŠญ แŒ…แˆ›แˆฌ แˆˆแ‰ตแˆจแŠซแ‹ แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‰คแ‰ต (แŠคแ‹ตแˆ˜แˆช) แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ดแ‰ตแŠ“ แˆˆแˆแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆ˜แŒฃแ‰ แ‰ต แŠ แˆ‹แ‹แ‰…แˆ። แˆˆแˆ›แŠ•แŠ›แ‹แˆ แŒแŠ• “แ‹จแˆณแ‹ญแŠช แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‹ญ” แŠฅแˆตแŠซแˆแŠ• แ‰ แˆแŠ•แˆ แˆแŠ”แ‰ณ แ‰ฐแ‹˜แˆญแ‹แˆฎ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆ›แ‹ญแАแŒˆแˆญ แ‹จแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰€ แАแ‹። แ‰ฅแ‰ป แ‰ แŠ แŒˆแˆซแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแ‰ฐแŠจแ‹ แ‰ฐแ‹ฐแ‹ – แ‹ญแ‰ฃแˆ‹แˆ። แ‰ฐแŒˆแŠ˜ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆปแ‹ˆแˆญแ‰… แŒฅแ‰…แˆแ‰ต 13-1967 แˆŒแˆŠแ‰ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ แŒฅแ‹ญแ‰ต แŠจแ‰ฐแ‹ฐแ‰ แ‹ฐแ‰กแ‰ต แˆตแ‹ตแˆณแ‹Žแ‰น แ‹จแŠ แŒค แŠ…แ‹ญแˆˆแˆฅแˆ‹แˆด แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆตแˆแŒฃแŠ–แ‰ฝ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ฑ แˆ†แА።
แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐ แŒฅแŠ•แ‰ฑ แАแ‰ขแ‹ญ- แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐ แŠคแˆญแˆแ‹ซแˆต แŠฅแŠ”แŠ•แˆ แŠ แˆแ‰ƒแˆป แˆณแ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒˆแŠ แŠ แˆแ‰€แˆจแˆ። “แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ! แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ!..” แŠฅแ‹ซแˆ‰ แˆฒแ‹ซแˆˆแ‰…แˆฑ แŠจแАแ‰ แˆฉแ‰ตแŠ“ แ‰ตแŠ•แˆฃแ‹”แ‹‹แŠ• (แŠฅแˆฑแˆ แŠซแˆˆ) แˆณแ‹ซแ‹ฉ แ‹“แˆˆแˆแŠ• แŠจแ‰ฐแˆฐแŠ“แ‰ แ‰ฑแ‰ต แŒแ‹™แ‹แŠ• แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซแ‹แ‹ซแŠ• แˆ˜แŠซแŠจแˆ แŠ แˆˆแ‰ƒ แŠ แ‹ซแˆŒแ‹ แ‰ณแˆแˆฉแˆ แ‰ตแ‹ แ‹ญแˆ‰แŠ›แˆ። แŠ แˆˆแ‰ƒ แŠ แ‹ซแˆŒแ‹ แ‰ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แŠฆแˆญแ‰ถแ‹ถแŠญแˆต แ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆ…แ‹ถ แ‰คแ‰ฐแŠญแˆญแˆตแ‰ฒแ‹ซแŠ• แ‹จแˆŠแ‰ƒแ‹แŠ•แ‰ต แŒ‰แ‰ฃแ‹” แ•แˆฌแ‹แ‹ณแŠ•แ‰ต แАแ‰ แˆฉ። แŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แŠ แ‰ แ‰ฃ แ‰ แАแ‰ แˆญแˆแ‰ แ‰ต แŒŠแ‹œ แŠฅแˆณแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแˆ˜แˆฉแ‰ต “แˆ›แŠ…แ‰ แˆญ แ‰ แŠฉแˆญ” แŠจแˆšแ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹ แ‰ แ‹จแˆณแˆแŠ•แ‰ฑ แ‰ แˆšแˆฐแ‰ แˆฐแ‰ฅ แŒ‰แ‰ฃแ‹” แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ฅแ‹™ แŒŠแ‹œ แ‰ฐแŠซแแ‹ซแˆˆแˆ። แˆˆแˆ˜แŠ•แˆแˆณแ‹Š แˆแŒ†แ‰ปแ‰ธแ‹ “แ‰ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แ‰คแ‰ฐ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆฅแ‰ฑแˆ แ‰คแ‰ฐแŠญแˆ…แАแ‰ฑแˆ แ‹ซแˆˆ แˆ˜แˆช แ‹จแ‰€แˆจแ‹แŠ“ แˆ˜แŠจแˆซแ‰ฝแˆ แ‹จแ‰ แ‹›แ‹ แ‰ แŠฅแŠ” แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ต แАแ‹። แŠ…แŒขแ‹ซแ‰ฐแŠ›แ‹ แŠฅแŠ” แАแŠ።” แŠฅแ‹ซแˆ‰ แˆ˜แŠ•แ‰ณ แˆ˜แŠ•แ‰ณ แŠฅแŠ•แ‰ฃ แˆฒแ‹ซแˆแˆฑ แŠ แˆตแ‰ณแ‹แˆณแˆˆแˆ። แŠ แˆˆแ‰ƒ แŠ แ‹ซแˆŒแ‹ “แ‹จแŠฅแŠ” แŠ…แŒขแ‹ซแ‰ต..” แˆฒแˆ‰ แ‹จแˆƒแ‹ญแˆ›แŠ–แ‰ต แŠ แ‰ฃแ‰ถแ‰ฝแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐ แ–แˆŠแ‰ฒแŠซ แˆ˜แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠฅแˆแˆ แ‰ฅแˆˆแ‹ แ‹จแŒ แ‰แ‰ แ‰ตแŠ• แˆแŠ”แ‰ณ แˆ˜แŒแˆˆแŒฃแ‰ธแ‹ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘ แ‹ญแˆฐแˆ›แŠ›แˆ። แ‰ แ‹šแˆ…แˆ แŠฅแˆแАแ‰ต แ‰ แˆ˜แАแˆณแ‰ต แŠจแˆฉแˆฒแ‹ซ แ‹›แˆชแŠ“ แŒ‹แˆญ แ‰ฐแ‰ฃแ‰ฅแˆฎ แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆซ แˆดแˆฐแŠแАแ‰ต แ‰ฐแŒ แˆแ‹ถ แŠญแ‰ แŠฅแ‹จแˆ˜แŠจแˆจ፣ แˆ•แ‹แ‰ฅ แŠฅแ‹ซแˆตแŒˆแ‹ฐแˆˆ แˆˆแŠฎแˆšแŠ’แ‹แˆ แˆ˜แŒแ‰ขแ‹ซ แŠ แ‹แˆซ แŒแ‹ณแŠ“ แŒ แˆซแŒŠ แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆจแ‹แŠ• แ‹จแ‹แˆธแ‰ต แˆ˜แАแŠฉแˆด แˆซแˆต แ‘แ‰ฒแŠ•แŠ• (แŠ แ‰กแŠ‘แŠ•) แ‹ซแ‹ˆแŒแ‹›แˆ‰። แ‹จแŠ แ‰ฃ แŒดแŒฅแˆฎแˆตแŠ• แˆแˆˆแŒ แ‰ แˆ˜แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ แŠฅแˆตแŠจ แˆ›แ‹•แ‹œแŠ‘ (แŠฅแˆตแŠจ แ‹ˆแ‹ฒแ‹ซแŠ›แ‹) แŠ แ‰ตแ‰€แ‰ แˆ‰แ‰ต แ‰ฅแˆˆแ‹‹แˆ። แˆˆแАแŒˆแˆฉ แŠจแˆžแ‰ฑ แŠจแŠ แˆฅแˆญ แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ต แ‰ แŠ‹แˆ‹ แ‹จแ‰คแ‰ฐแŠญแˆ…แАแ‰ฑแˆ แ‹จแ‰คแ‰ฐ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆฅแ‰ฑแˆ แˆ˜แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แŒฅแ‰‚แ‰ต แ‰€แŠ“แ‰ต แˆแ‹ฉแАแ‰ต แ‰ฐแ‹ซแ‹ญแ‹˜แ‹ แˆ„แ‹ฑ።” แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆแ‹ แˆ˜แŒฃแŒฅแŒ แ‹จแŒ แ‰€แˆตแˆแ‰ต แˆฅแ‹ฉแˆ แˆแˆจแŒแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ… แ‹“แ‹ญแАแ‰ต แแŒปแˆœแŠ• “แ‹จแŠญแ‰ฅแˆจ แАแŒˆแˆฅแ‰ต แแŒปแˆœ” แ‹ญแˆˆแ‹‹แˆ። แ‹ญแˆ… แแŒปแˆœ แ‹จแŠ แŒคแ‹ แˆฅแˆญแ‹“แ‰ต แˆ˜แ‹ฐแˆแ‹ฐแˆšแ‹ซ แ‰ฅแ‰ป แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆ። แˆˆแˆซแˆณแ‰ธแ‹ แŠ แŒคแ‹ซแ‹Š แˆฅแˆญแ‹“แ‰ต แ‹จแ‰†แˆจแ‰†แˆฉแ‰ตแŠ• แ‹˜แˆ˜แŠ“แ‹Š แŠ แŒค แ‰ แŒ‰แˆแ‰ แ‰ฑแŠ“ แˆซแˆตแ‘แ‰ฒแŠ–แ‰ฝแŠ• แแŒปแˆœ แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆˆแŠจแ‰ณแˆ። แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแˆญแˆ˜แ‹ แŠจแŠฅแАแˆฑ แ‰ แŠ‹แˆ‹แˆ แ‰ขแˆ†แŠ• แ‹จแŠ แˆˆแ‰ƒ แŠ แ‹ซแˆŒแ‹ แŠฅแŠ•แ‰ฃ แŠ แˆแ‰ฐแŒˆแ‹ฐแ‰ แˆ። แ‰ แˆฅแŒ‹ แˆจแŒˆแ‹ต แ‹“แ‹ญแАแˆฅแ‹แˆญ แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆฉแ‰ต แ‹จแŠฅแŠ’แˆ… แŠ แ‰ฃแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‰ฃ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แˆ•แˆ™แˆ แŠจแАแ‰ แˆจแ‹ แŠ แŠ•แŒ€แ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹แŠ“ แˆแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแ‰€แ‹ณ แŠฅแŠ•แ‰ฃ แАแ‰ แˆญ። “แŠขแ‹จแˆฉแˆณแˆŒแˆ! แŠขแ‹จแˆฉแˆณแˆŒแˆ แˆˆแˆซแˆตแˆฝ แŠ แˆแ‰…แˆบ!” แАแ‰ แˆญ แŒŒแ‰ณ แŠขแ‹จแˆฑแˆต แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹? แˆˆแˆซแˆณแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแˆ›แŠ“แˆˆแ‰…แˆต แАแŠ•แŠ•? แŠ แˆˆแ‰ƒ แŠ แ‹ซแˆŒแ‹ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐ แ‰ฐแŒˆแŠ˜ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆปแ‹ˆแˆญแ‰… แ‹จแ‰ณแ‹ซแ‰ธแ‹ แŒˆแŠ“ แ‹ซแˆแˆ˜แŒฃ – แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแˆ˜แŒฃ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒ - แ‹จแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แŠ แ‹ฐแŒ‹ แŠ แˆˆ። แŒ แ‰ฅแ‰ แˆแ‰ แˆ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆต แ‹ญแ‰ แ‰ƒแŠ“แˆ?
แŠจแ‰ณแŒˆแˆณแ‰ฝแˆ แˆŒแˆ‹ แŠ แŒ‹แŒฃแˆš แˆ‹แ‹แˆซแ‰ฝแˆ። “แ‹จแˆธแ‹‹ แŒ แ‰…แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŒแ‹›แ‰ต” แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆซแˆด แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆฉแ‰ตแŠ•แŠ“ แŠจแŠ แ‹แˆซ แŠ แˆญแ‰ แŠžแ‰ปแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠ แŠ•แ‹ฑ แ‹จแˆ†แŠ‘แ‰ตแŠ• แˆซแˆต แˆ˜แˆตแแŠ• แˆตแˆˆแˆบแŠ• แ‰ 1966 แˆ˜แŒ‹แ‰ขแ‰ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠ แАแŒ‹แŒแˆฌแ‹ซแ‰ธแ‹ แАแ‰ แˆญ- แˆˆแŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แ‹˜แˆ˜แŠ• แŒ‹แ‹œแŒฃ። แ‹จแŠซแ‰ฒแ‰ต “แŒแˆ” แŠซแˆˆ แ‰ แŠ‹แˆ‹ แˆตแˆˆ แˆˆแ‹แŒก แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹ฉ แ‹จแˆ•แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ก แŠ แ‰ฃแˆ‹แ‰ตแŠ• “แˆตแˆˆ แˆˆแ‹แŒก แˆแŠ• แ‹ญแˆฐแˆ›แˆƒแˆ? แ‹ˆแ‹ดแ‰ต แ‹จแˆแŒ“แ‹ แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆตแˆแ‹Žแ‰ณแˆ? แŠจแŠ แ‹ตแˆ›แˆต แ‰ฃแˆปแŒˆแˆญ แˆแŠ• แ‰ฝแŒแˆญ- แŠ แ‹ฐแŒ‹- แ‹ซแ‰ณแ‹ญแ‹Žแ‰ณแˆ? แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‹ตแˆœแŠ• แˆ›แŠ• แˆแ‰ แˆ?..” แ‹จแˆšแˆ‰ แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„แ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹ญแ‹˜แŠ• แˆ˜แ‹žแˆซแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠ แˆแ‰€แˆจแˆแŠ“ แŒŒแ‰ณ แˆซแˆต แˆ˜แˆตแแŠ•แŠ• แ‰ แ‰ขแˆฎแŠ แ‰ธแ‹ แŠ แАแŒ‹แŒแˆฌแŠ แ‰ธแ‹‹แˆˆแˆ- แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแ‹ซแ‹แˆ แ‹จแˆพแˆจ แŒ‹แ‹œแŒ แŠ› แŠจแˆแˆˆแ‹ แŠจแˆ€แ‰ฅแ‰ฐ แ‹ฎแˆแŠ•แˆต แ‹ฒแˆณแˆณ แŒ‹แˆญ። แ‰ แŒแˆแŒฝ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐ แАแŒˆแˆฉแŠ• แ‹จแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แˆฐแˆ›แ‹ซแ‰ต แ‹ซแˆจแŒˆแ‹™แ‰ต แ‹แŠ“แˆ แ‹จแˆแˆ•แˆจแ‰ต แŠ แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆตแˆแˆ። “แŠ แ‹จแŠธแ‹ แŒŒแ‰ณแ‹ฌแАแˆ…! แ‹จแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซแ‹แ‹ซแŠ• แ‹ฐแˆ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŠจแ‰ แˆจ แАแ‹። แ‰ แŠจแŠ•แ‰ฑ แˆ˜แแˆฐแˆต แ‹จแˆˆแ‰ แ‰ตแˆ። แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แŒŠแ‹œ แˆ˜แแˆฐแˆต แŠจแŒ€แˆ˜แˆจ แˆ›แ‰†แˆšแ‹ซ แ‹จแˆˆแ‹แˆ። แˆˆแ‹แŒฅ แŠ แ‹ซแˆตแˆแˆแŒแˆ แŠ แŠ•แˆแˆ። แ‹ซแˆตแˆแˆแŒ‹แˆ። แ‹ฐแˆ แ‰ แˆ˜แ‹แˆฐแˆต แ‹จแˆšแˆ˜แŒฃ แˆˆแ‹แŒฅ แˆˆแˆ›แŠ• แˆŠแŒ แ‰…แˆ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ?” แАแ‰ แˆญ แ‹ซแˆ‰แŠ። แ‰ฅแ‹™ แŒŠแ‹œ แ‹จแˆแŒ แ‰…แˆฐแ‹ แ‹จแˆผแŠญแˆตแ’แ‹จแˆญ แ‰ƒแˆ แŠ แˆˆแŠ። แˆ˜แŒญ แˆแŠ”แ‰ณแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠ แˆตแ‰€แ‹ตแˆ˜แ‹ แŒฅแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‹ซแˆณแ‹ซแˆ‰፤ Coming events cast their Shadow- แŠ แ‹ŽแŠ• แˆˆแˆซแˆต แˆ˜แˆตแแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแ‰ณแ‹ซแ‰ธแ‹ แˆแˆ‰ แ‰ แ‹šแ‹ซ แ‹ˆแ‰…แ‰ต แ‹จแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซแ‹แ‹ซแŠ• แ‹ฐแˆ แˆ˜แแˆฐแˆต แ‹จแŒ€แˆ˜แˆจ แŠฅแАแˆ† แŠ แˆญแ‰ฃ แŠ แˆ˜แ‰ต แˆ†แАแ‹። แˆซแˆต แˆ˜แˆตแแŠ• แ‰ แ‹šแ‹ซแŠ• แ‹ˆแ‰…แ‰ต แˆˆแˆ›แˆแ‰€แˆต แŠ แˆแ‹ณแ‹ณแ‰ธแ‹แˆ แŠ แ‹ญแ‰ฃแˆแˆ። แŠฅแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แŠจแˆ˜แ‰ณแŒˆแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‰€แˆญ።
แŠ”แˆแˆฐแŠ• แˆ›แŠ•แ‹ดแˆ‹ แ‰  Long Walk to Freedom แˆตแˆˆ แแˆญแˆƒแ‰ตแŠ“ แ‹ตแแˆจแ‰ต แ‹จแАแŒˆแˆฉแŠ• แ‰แˆ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŠ แˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹። แ‰ แ‹จแˆฐแ‹ แˆแ‰ฅ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แแˆญแˆƒแ‰ต แŠ แˆˆ። แ‹จแ‹ตแแˆจแ‰ฑ แˆ˜แŒ แŠ• (แ‹ถแ‹œแ‰ฝ) แ‰ตแŠ•แˆฝ แŠจแ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹แŠ“ แ‹ซแŠ•แŠ•แˆ แ‰ แ‰ฐแŒแ‰ฃแˆญ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹แˆˆแ‹ แŒ€แŒแŠ“ แ‹ญแ‰ฃแˆ‹แˆ። แ‹ฐแ‹แˆญ แ‹ญแ‰ฃแˆ‹แˆ። แŠ แˆˆแ‹šแ‹ซ แˆแˆ‹แ‰ฝแŠ•แˆ แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆแŒฅแˆฎแŠ แ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹แˆตแŒฅ- แŠจแ‰ฐแˆแŒฅแˆฎ แ‹จแ‹ˆแˆจแˆตแАแ‹ แแˆญแˆƒแ‰ต แŠ แˆˆ። แŒ€แŒแŠ–แ‰ฝ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แŠจแˆแˆช แˆ•แ‹แ‰ฅ แŠ แ‹จแˆแŒ แˆฉแˆ። แŠ แ‰ฃ แŠฎแˆตแ‰ตแˆญ แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹˜แˆˆแ‰€ แ‰ แŠ…แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ก แˆ˜แˆแˆ แˆฒแ‹ˆแŒฃ แ‰ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แŠฅแŒ แŒแˆซแ‹ด፣ แ‰ แˆŒแˆ‹ แŠฅแŒ แˆฐแАแŠ” แ‹ญแ‹ž แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆ። แŒ€แŒแŠ“ แ‹จแˆšแˆแˆแŒ แ‰ณแˆ‹แ‰… แˆ•แ‹แ‰ฅ แˆแˆแŒ แ‹ซแŒˆแŠ˜แ‹ แАแ‰ แˆญ። แ‹ตแแŠ• แ‰ แˆจแŠ•แ‰ณ፣ แ‹ตแแŠ• แˆถแˆ›፣ แ‹ตแแŠ• แ‹จแ‹ณแ‰ฃแ‰ต፣ แ‹ตแแŠ• แ‰ฅแ‰ธแŠ“…แŠฅแ‰…แ‰แŠ• แ‹˜แˆญแŒแ‰ถ แ‰ฃแ‹ญแ‰€แ‰ แˆˆแ‹ แŠ–แˆฎ แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠ แˆแАแ‰ แˆจแˆ። แ‰ณแˆชแŠญแˆ แ‰ฃแˆแˆ†แА แАแ‰ แˆญ።
แŒ‰แˆซ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆ›แ‹ญแˆ†แŠ•แ‰ฅแŠแŠ“ แŠฅแŠ“แŠ•แ‰ฐแˆ แ‰ แ‹šแˆ… แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆ›แ‰ตแŒ แˆจแŒฅแˆฉแŠ แ‰ฐแˆตแ‹ แŠ แˆˆแŠ። แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ แˆจแ‰ฑแˆ แ‰ แŠฅแ‹แ‰€แ‰ตแˆ፣ แ‰ แˆ›แˆ•แ‰ แˆซแ‹Š แ‹ฐแˆจแŒƒแˆ แˆ›แŠ•แŠ•แˆ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แ‰ณแ‰ฝ แˆˆแˆ˜แˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ต แ‹จแˆ›แˆแ‰ฝแˆ แˆแˆตแŠชแŠ• แ‹œแŒ‹ แАแŠ። แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ… แ‹จแˆแˆแ‰ แ‰ต แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ต แŠ แˆˆแŠ። แˆ›แŠ•แŠ•แˆ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แ‰ณแ‰ฝ แˆ˜แˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ต แŠ…แŒขแ‹ซแ‰ต แˆ†แŠ– แ‹ญแ‰ แˆ‹แˆƒแˆ። แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‹ตแˆแˆ…แŠ• แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แ‰ณแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆแ‰ตแˆ˜แˆˆแŠจแ‰ฐแ‹ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒฅแ‰€แˆ… แˆแ‰ณแ‹ˆแŒฃแ‹ แ‹จแˆแ‰ตแ‰ฝแˆ แŠจแˆ†แА แ‰ฅแ‰ป แАแ‹። แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ณแŠ•แ‹ต แˆ›แˆตแ‰ณแ‹ˆแˆปแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠฅแ‹ซแ‹จแˆ፣ แŠจแŠ แŠ•แ‹ณแŠ•แ‹ต แ‰ณแˆ‹แˆ‹แ‰… แ‹œแŒแ‰ฝ (แ‰ แ‹จแŠ แŒ‹แŒฃแˆšแ‹) แŒ‹แˆญ แ‰ แˆ˜แŒˆแŠ“แŠ˜แ‰ต แ‰ตแ‹แ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแŠฅแŒแˆญ แŠฅแˆณแ‰ต แŠฅแ‹จแˆ†แА แŠฅแŠ•แ‰…แˆแ แ‹จแˆšแАแˆณแŠ แАแŠ። แ‹จแˆแŒ… แˆแŒ†แ‰ผแŠ• (แˆตแ‹ตแˆตแ‰ต แˆ†แАแ‹‹แˆ) แŠฅแ‹ซแŒซแ‹ˆแ‰ตแˆ፣ แ‰แˆ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŠฅแ‹จแАแŒˆแˆญแŠ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ แˆšแŒˆแ‰ฃแŠ แ‹จแ‹•แ‹ตแˆœ แˆญแ‰ แ‰ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠ แŒˆแˆญ แŠ แŒฅแ‰ผ แˆตแŠ–แˆญ (แŠฅแŒแ‹œแˆญ แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆตแŒˆแŠ• แˆ˜แŠ•แˆแˆณแ‹Š แŠ แŒˆแˆญ แŠ แˆ‹แŒฃแˆแˆ) แ‰ แ‹จแŒŠแ‹œแ‹ แ‰ แˆญแ‰ แˆฌ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแ‰ณแŒ แА แ‹ˆแŒฃแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแАแ‰€แŠ•แ‰€แŠ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŠ แˆแŒ แ‹แˆ። แŠฅแŠ•แŒแ‹ฒแˆ… “แ‰ แ‹ˆแˆจแ‰€แ‰ต แˆ›แ‰ แˆ‹แˆธแ‰ฑ แˆฅแˆซ” (แ‰ แŒ‹แ‹œแŒฃ แˆฅแˆซ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแˆแˆ แ‹ซแ‰ แˆจแŠจแ‰ตแˆแ‰ต แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹‹แŒฝแ‹– แ‹ซแˆณแแˆจแŠ›แˆ- แŠจแˆแ‰ฅ) แ‰ฅแ‹™ แ‹˜แˆ˜แŠ• แˆตแˆ‹แˆณแˆˆแแˆ แ‰ฅแ‰ตแˆแ‰…แ‹ฑแˆแŠ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆŒแˆ‹ แ‰ตแ‹แ‰ณ แŠ แ‹จแˆ˜แŒฃแ‰ฅแŠ แАแ‹። แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐ แˆ˜แˆจแˆ›แˆ˜แŒƒ แŠ แˆณแ‰ฅ แŠจแˆ†แА แ‹ฐแˆต แ‹ญแˆˆแŠ›แˆ።
แ‰ แŠ แŒค แˆแŠ’แˆแŠญ แ‹˜แˆ˜แА แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆฅแ‰ต แŒŠแ‹œ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐ แˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซแ‹ แŒ‹แ‹œแŒ แŠ› แˆฒแŒ แ‰€แˆฑ แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆฉแ‰ตแŠ• แŒ‹แ‹œแŒ แŠ› (แŠจแŠ•แ‰ฒแ‰ฃ) แ‹ฐแˆตแ‰ณ แˆแ‰ตแŠฌแŠ• แŠจแŠ แŠ•แ‹ดแˆ แˆแˆˆแ‰ต แˆฆแˆตแ‰ด แŠ แАแŒ‹แŒแˆฌแ‹ซแ‰ธแ‹‹แˆˆแˆ። แ‹ฐแˆตแ‰ณ แˆแ‰ตแŠฌ แˆแŠ’แˆแŠญแŠ• แ‰ฐแŠจแ‰ตแˆˆแ‹แŠ“ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแ‹ซแ‹แˆ แ‹จแŠฅแ‰ดแŒŒ แŒฃแ‹ญแ‰ฑแŠ• แ‰€แˆšแˆต แŠฅแ‹จแŒแ‰ฐแ‰ฑ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แŠ แ‹ตแ‹‹ แŒฆแˆญ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแˆญ แŠจแ‹˜แˆˆแ‰ แˆˆแŒ‹ แ‹ˆแŒฃแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ฑ แАแ‰ แˆฉ። แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แŠ แ‹ตแ‹‹ แˆตแˆˆแ‰ฐแ‹ฐแˆจแŒˆแ‹ แŒ‰แ‹ž፣ แˆตแˆˆแŠ แŒˆแˆซแ‰ธแ‹ แˆ แˆซแ‹Šแ‰ต แˆแ‰ -แˆ™แˆ‰แАแ‰ต፣ แˆตแˆˆ แŒฆแˆญแАแ‰ฑ แ‹แˆŽ แ‹ฐแŠ…แŠ“ แˆฒแ‹ซแ‹ˆแˆฉแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ แ‰†แ‹ญแ‰ฐแ‹ แŠ แˆแ แ‰ฅแˆˆแ‹ แ‰†แˆ˜แ‹ แŠฅแ‹จแ‹จ แ‹ญแˆ‹แˆ‰። แ‹จแ‹ˆแ‹ฐแ‰€แ‹ แ‹จแŠ แŒˆแˆซแ‰ธแ‹ แŠ แˆญแ‰ แŠ› แŠจแŠแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹ญแˆ˜แŒฃแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹‹แˆ። แ‹ญแˆฐแˆˆแ‹แˆ። แ‰ณแŠ•แŠญ แ‰ แŒแˆซแ‹ด แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰ฃแˆˆแ‰ แ‰ตแŠ• แŠฅแˆพแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แŠณ แˆตแˆˆแˆ›แ‹ญแ‹ˆแŒ‹แ‹ แŒฆแˆจแŠ› แ‹ซแ‹ˆแŒ‰แŠ แ‰ฝแŠ‹แˆ። แŠฅแ‹จแ‹จ แ‹ญแˆ‹แˆ‰። แŠ แŠ•แ‹ณแŠ•แ‹ต แˆฐแАแ แ‰ฐแ‹‹แŒŠ แˆˆแˆ˜แˆธแˆฝ แˆฒแˆžแŠญแˆญ แŠฅแ‰ดแŒŒแ‹ญแ‰ฑแŠ“ แ‹ฐแŠ•แŒˆแŒกแˆฎแ‰ปแ‰ธแ‹ “แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฐ แ‹ˆแ‹ดแ‰ต แАแ‹ แ‹จแˆแ‰ตแˆธแˆธแ‹- แŠฅแ‹ซแˆธแАแแˆ…? แŠฅแ‹จแˆจแˆแˆจแแŠธแ‹? แ‹จแˆแŠ’แˆแŠญ แŒฎแˆ›- แ‹จแˆแŠ’แˆแŠญ แŒ แŒ… แ‹ญแŠฝ แАแ‹?” แŠฅแ‹ซแˆ‰ แ‹จแˆแˆช แˆแ‰ฅ แˆ†แАแ‹ แˆฒแ‹ซแ‹‹แŒ‰ แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆจแ‰ แ‰ตแŠ• แˆแŠ”แ‰ณ แ‹ซแАแˆกแŠ“ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‰…แˆณแˆ‰።
แŒฆแˆญแАแ‰ฑ แŠ แˆแ‰† แ‰ แˆแŠ’แˆแŠญ แ‹ตแŠ•แŠณแŠ• แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แŠจแАแ‰ แˆฉแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆณแแŠ•แ‰ต แˆ˜แŠซแŠจแˆ แˆซแˆต แˆ˜แŠฐแŠ•แŠ• แ‹จแ‰ฐแŠ“แŒˆแˆฉแ‰ตแŠ• แ‹ซแˆตแ‰ณแ‹แˆณแˆ‰። แ‹ฐแˆตแ‰ณ แˆแ‰ตแŠฌ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ตแˆšแˆ‰แ‰ต แˆซแˆต แˆ˜แŠฐแŠ•แŠ• “แŒแˆญแˆ›แ‹Š แŒƒแŠ•แˆ†แ‹ญ! แŠฅแŠ“แ‰ด แŠฅแ‰ดแŒŒ แŒฃแ‹ญแ‰ฑ แ‰ฅแˆญแˆƒแŠ• แ‹˜ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แŠฅแŒแ‹šแŠ แ‰ฅแˆ”แˆญ แ‰ แ‹šแ‰ฝ แ‹•แˆˆแ‰ต แ‹ˆแ‹ฐแŠแ‰ต แ‰ แˆšแАแˆก แ‹จแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แ‰ตแ‹แˆแ‹ถแ‰ฝ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆ˜แŒฃแ‹แŠ• แŒฆแˆญแАแ‰ต แˆแˆ‰ แŠฅแŠ›แ‹ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ตแŠ•แŒˆแˆ‹แŒˆแˆˆแ‹ แ‰ขแˆฐแŒ แŠ• แˆแŠ•แŠ› แˆ˜แ‰ณแ‹ฐแˆ แАแ‰ แˆญ?” แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแˆ‰ แ‹ญแŒ แ‰…แˆณแˆ‰። แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ• แ‰ตแ‹แ‰ณ แ‹ซแ‹ˆแˆญแ‹ฑแŠ“ แŠจแŠ•แ‰ฒแ‰ฃ แ‹ฐแˆตแ‰ณ แŠฅแ‹จแ‹จ แ‹ญแˆ‹แˆ‰። แ‰ แŠฅแŠ•แ‰ฃ แ‹ญแŒ แˆ˜แ‰ƒแˆ‰። แˆซแˆต แˆ˜แŠฐแŠ•แŠ• แŠจแŠฅแАแˆฑ แ‰ แŠ‹แˆ‹ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ แ‰…แˆˆแ‹แŠ• แ‰ตแ‹แˆแ‹ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒ แˆซแŒ แˆฉ แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆตแˆ‹แˆ። แˆˆแŠ แŒˆแˆญ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ตแАแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแŠ–แˆจแ‹แŠ• แŠฅแˆดแ‰ต፣ แ‹จแ‹ˆแŒˆแŠ•แŠ• แˆ‰แ‹“แˆ‹แ‹ŠแАแ‰ตแŠ“ แŠญแ‰ฅแˆญ แ‰ แˆ›แˆตแŒ แ‰ แ‰ แ‰ แŠฉแˆ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ตแˆญแ‰ แ‰ต แ‹จแ‹แŒŠแ‹ซ แˆ˜แŠ•แˆแˆต፣ “แ‹จแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆ˜แˆตแ‹‹แ‹•แ‰ตแАแ‰ต แ‹แ‹ญแ‹ณ แˆแŠ• แ‹ซแˆ…แˆ แˆˆแ‰ตแ‹แˆแ‹ถแ‰ฝ แˆŠแ‹ˆแˆญแ‹ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแ‰ฝแˆ แŒ แˆญแŒฅแˆจแ‹‹แˆ። แ‰ แŠฅแŠ› แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ฐแˆตแ‹ แ‹จแ‰†แˆจแŒก แАแ‰ แˆญ…แˆแ‰ แˆ? ” แ‹ฐแˆตแ‰ณ แˆแ‰ตแŠฌ แŠ แˆˆแ‰€แˆฑ። แŠ แˆˆแ‰€แˆฑแ‰ฅแŠ። แˆ˜แˆ‹แˆแˆผ แŠ แАแŒ‹แŒแˆฌแ‹ซแ‰ธแ‹‹แˆˆแˆ። แ‹ฐแŒ‹แŒแˆ˜แ‹ แŠ แˆˆแ‰€แˆฑแ‰ฅแŠ። แ‹ฐแˆตแ‰ณ แ‹จแˆ‰แˆ። แŠฅแŠ” แ‰€แˆญแ‰ปแˆˆแˆ። แŠ แˆ‹แ‰…แˆฑแŠ แˆแ‰ แˆ แ‹ˆแ‹ญ? แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆต แ‹จแ‹ฐแˆตแ‰ณ แˆแ‰ตแŠฌ แˆตแˆœแ‰ต แ‹ซแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆแŠ• แˆแˆ‰ แŠฅแŠ“แˆ‹แ‰…แˆณแ‰ฝแˆ แ‹ˆแ‹ญ? (แ‰ แАแŒˆแˆซแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠจแŠ•แ‰ฒแ‰ฃ แ‹ฐแˆตแ‰ณ แˆแ‰ตแŠฌ แ‹จแŠฎแˆŽแŠ”แˆ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆฅแ‰ฑแŠ• แˆฅแˆญแ‹“แ‰ต แˆˆแˆ˜แˆˆแ‹ˆแŒฅ แ‰ฐแАแˆฅแ‰ฐแ‹ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‹แ‰ต แŒ„แŠ”แˆซแˆ แˆ˜แŠฐแŠ•แŠ–แ‰ฝ แ‹จแŠ แŠ•แ‹ฐแŠ›แ‹ แ‹จแŒ„แŠ”แˆซแˆ แŠ แˆแˆ แ‹ฐแˆตแ‰ณ แŠ แ‰ฃแ‰ต แАแ‰ แˆฉ። แ‹จแŒ€แŒแŠ“ แˆแŒ… แŒ€แŒแŠ“)  – แ‰ แ‰ฐแŒจแˆ›แˆช แˆŠแАแˆณ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฝแˆˆแ‹ แ‹จแŒ‹แ‹œแŒ แŠแАแ‰ฑ แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‹ญ แˆฒแ‹ˆแˆณ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แŠคแˆญแ‰ตแˆซ แ‰ แ‹ˆแ‰…แ‰ฑ แ‰ แŠขแŒฃแˆแ‹ซ แˆฅแˆญ แˆตแˆˆแАแ‰ แˆจแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ•แŒ‚ แ‰ แŒ‹แ‹œแŒฃ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ™แ‹ซแАแ‰ต แˆจแŒˆแ‹ต แˆแŒฝแ‹‹ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹ญแ‰ณแ‰ฐแˆ™ แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆฉแ‰ต แŒ‹แ‹œแŒฆแ‰ฝ แŠ แ‹˜แŒ‹แŒ… แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆฉแ‰ต แ‰ฅแˆ‹แ‰ณ แŒˆแ‰ฅแˆจ แŠฅแŒแ‹šแŠ แ‰ฅแˆ”แˆญ แŒŠแˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹ญแŒ แ‰€แˆณแˆ‰። แŠฅแŠ’แˆ… แ‰ณแˆ‹แ‰… แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซแ‹Š แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‰ แŒ‹แ‹œแŒฃแ‰ธแ‹แŠ“ แ‰ แˆŒแˆŽแ‰ฝแˆ แŒฝแˆ‘แŽแ‰ปแ‰ธแ‹ แ‰…แŠ แŒˆแ‹ฅแ‹แŠ• แŠ แˆแˆญแˆจแ‹ แ‹จแ‰ณแŒˆแˆ‰ แŠ แˆญแ‰ แŠ› แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹። แ‹จแ‰ฅแˆ‹แ‰ณ แŒˆแ‰ฅแˆจ แŠฅแŒแ‹šแŠ แ‰ฅแˆ”แˆญ แŒŠแˆ‹แ‹ญ There is no medicine fot the bite of the White Snake แ‹‹แŠ“แ‹ แАแ‹። แ‹จแˆตแŠซแŠ•แ‹ฒแŠ”แ‰ชแ‹ซแ‹ แˆแˆแˆญ แ‹จแ•แˆฎแŒแˆตแˆญ แ‰ฐแŠจแˆตแ‰ฐ แАแŒ‹แˆฝ แˆฅแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆˆแ‹šแˆ… แˆแˆตแŠญแˆญ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹።
แ‹ซ แˆแˆ‰ แ‹จแŠ แˆญแ‰ แŠแАแ‰ตแŠ“ แ‹จแŒ€แŒแŠ•แАแ‰ต แŠฅแˆดแ‰ต แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แŒŠแ‹œ แˆŸแˆฝแˆพแŠ“ แŠจแ‹แˆตแŒฃแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐ แˆแŒฃแŠ• แ‹ˆแ แˆธแˆฝแ‰ถ แŠจแˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแŒ แ‰€แˆตแŠ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆแˆ‰ แ‹จแˆแˆฉแ‰ต แŠฅแ‹จแ‹ฐแˆจแˆฐ แˆ˜แŒฃ። แŠฅแŠ›แ‹ แ‰ แŠฅแŠ›แ‹፣ แŠฅแŠ›แ‹ แŠจแŠฅแŠ› แŒ‹แˆญ แŒ แˆ‹แ‰ตแАแ‰ต แŠ แ‰ แ‰€แˆแŠ•แŠ“ แŠฅแŠ›แŠ•แˆ แŠ แŒˆแˆชแ‰ฑแŠ•แˆ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ตแŠ• แŒ แ‹። แ‰ แŠ แŒˆแˆชแ‰ฑ แŒ€แŒแŠ–แ‰ปแ‰ฝแŠ•แŠ“ แ‹‹แŠ“แ‹ แ‹จแˆƒแ‹ญแˆ›แŠ–แ‰ต แŠ แ‰ฃแ‰ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆณแ‹ญแ‰€แˆญ แˆžแ‰ต แˆตแŠ“แˆตแ‰ฐแˆ‹แˆแ แ‰ฐแŒˆแŠ˜แŠ•። แ‰ แ‹แˆบแˆตแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‹˜แˆ˜แŠ•፣ แˆšแˆตแ‰ต แ‰ แ‰ฃแˆแ‹‹፣ แŠ แ‰ฃแ‰ต แ‰ แˆแŒ፣ แŠฆแˆฎแˆžแ‹ แ‰ แŠฆแˆฎแˆžแ‹፣ แŠ แˆ›แˆซแ‹ แ‰ แŠ แˆ›แˆซแ‹፣ แ‰ตแŒแˆฌแ‹ แ‰ แ‰ตแŒแˆฌแ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŒฆแˆญ แ‹จแˆšแˆ˜แ‹แ‰ แ‰ต፣ แ‰ แแˆญแ‹ต แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‰ แˆญ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ฐแ‰€แˆแŒฆ “แ‹ญแˆ™แ‰ต แ‰ แ‰ƒ” แ‹จแˆšแˆแ‰ แ‰ต፣ แ‹จแˆšแŒ แ‰แˆแ‰ แ‰ตแŠ“ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฐแŠฉแˆตแ‰ แ‰ต แŠ แˆณแ‹›แŠ แŒˆแ‹ตแˆ แŠ แ‹จแŠ•። แ‹จแˆแ‰ณแ‹แ‰แ‰ต แ‰ณแ‹แ‰แ‰ณแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ…แˆˆแˆ›แ‰ณแ‹แ‰แ‰ตแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐ แˆ˜แˆญแ‹ถแŠ“ แ‹จแ‰ณแˆชแŠซแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰†แˆปแˆป แˆแ‹•แˆซแ แˆ‹แАแˆฃ แŠฅแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆˆแˆ። แŠ แŠ•แ‹ฑแŠ•แŠ“ แŒ‰แˆแˆ‘แŠ• แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ด แАแ‹። แ‹จแˆฐแˆ›แ‹ซแ‹Šแ‹ แŠ•แŒ‰แˆฅ แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒ‹แ‹ญแŠ“ แ‹จแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แ‹จแ‰ƒแˆแŠชแ‹ณแŠ• แˆแŒ… แ‹จแˆ†แŠ‘แ‰ต แŠ แ‰กแА แŒดแŒฅแˆฎแˆต แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแˆซแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แˆณแ‹ซแŒฅแ‰แŠ“ แ‹จแˆžแ‰ต แแˆญแˆƒแ‰ต แˆณแ‹ซแˆตแ‹ฐแАแŒแŒฃแ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ แ‹แˆบแˆตแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŒฅแ‹ญแ‰ต แˆ˜แ‹ฐแ‰ฅแ‹ฐแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‰ณแ‹แ‰ƒแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ። แŠฅแ‹แŠ• แŒฃแˆแ‹ซแŠ• แ‰ฅแ‰ป แАแ‹ แ‹ญแˆ™แ‰ต แ‰ แ‰ƒ แ‹ซแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹? แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แ‹จแˆ˜แˆแˆ แ‹ณแŠ›แ‹ แАแ‹ แŒฃแˆแ‹ซแŠ• แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆจแ‹። แ‹จแ‰€แŠแŠ“ แ‹จแŒแˆซ แ‹ณแŠžแ‰ฝ แ‰ฐแ‰ฅแˆˆแ‹ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‹จแˆ™แ‰ต แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซแ‹แ‹ซแŠ• แАแ‰ แˆฉ። แ‰ฅแˆ‹แ‰ณ แŠ แ‹จแˆˆ แŒˆแ‰ฅแˆฌแŠ“ แАแŒ‹แ‹ตแˆซแˆต แ‹ˆแ‹ณแŒ† แŠ แˆŠ። “แ‰ แŒฅแ‹ญแ‰ต แ‹ญแ‹ฐแ‰ แ‹ฐแ‰ก แ‹˜แŠ•แ‹ต แˆแˆญแ‹ฐแŠ“แˆ። แŠจแˆ›แŠ•แ‹ณแŠ•แ‰ด แ‰ฃแˆชแˆดแˆฎ፣ แ‰ฅแˆ‹แ‰ณ แŠ แ‹จแˆˆ แŒˆแ‰ฅแˆฌ፣ แАแŒ‹แ‹ตแˆซแˆต แ‹ˆแ‹ณแŒ† แŠ แˆŠ!” แŠ แ‰คแ‰ต แŒญแŠซแŠ”! แŠ แ‰คแ‰ต แŒญแŠซแŠ”! แŠจแ‹šแ‹ซ แ‰ แŠ‹แˆ‹ แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆฉแ‰ตแŠ• แ‰ฅแ‹™ แ‰ฅแ‹™ แŠญแˆ…แ‹ฐแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆ‹แŒซแ‹แ‰ณแ‰ฝแˆ แŠฅแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆˆแˆ።
แŠญแˆ…แ‹ฐแ‰ถแ‰น แ‹จแ‰ฃแˆฐ แ‹จแˆ†แŠ‘แ‰ต “แŒจแ‹ แŠ แˆแŒซ แˆ†แА” แ‰ฅแˆŽ แ‹จแŠญแˆญแˆตแ‰ตแŠ“ แˆ˜แˆฅแˆซแ‰ฝ แˆซแˆฑ แ‹จแˆšแˆ˜แˆฐแŠญแˆญแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แŠซแˆ•แŠ“แ‰ตแŠ“ แˆ˜แАแŠฐแˆณแ‰ต แˆฒแˆ†แŠ‘แˆต? แŠ แ‰กแА แŒณแ‹แˆŽแˆต (แˆซแˆต แ‘แ‰ฒแŠ•) แŠฅแŠ“ แŠ แ‹ซแˆŒ แˆ˜แАแŠฎแˆณแ‰ต แˆฒแˆ†แŠ‘แˆต? แŠ แ‹ŽแŠ• แŠ แ‰กแА แŒดแŒฅแˆฎแˆตแŠ“ แŠ แ‰กแА แˆšแŠซแŠคแˆ แ‰ แŠญแˆญแˆตแ‰ฒแ‹ซแŠ“แ‹Š แŠ แˆญแ‰ แŠแАแ‰ตแŠ“ แˆˆแŠ แŒˆแˆญแˆ แˆˆแˆ•แ‹แ‰ฅแˆ แˆฐแˆ›แ‹•แ‰ณแ‰ต แˆฒแˆ†แŠ‘ แŠ แ‰กแА แŒˆแ‰ฅแˆญแŠคแˆแŠ“ แˆŒแˆŽแ‰ฝแˆ แ‹จแ‹แˆบแˆตแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแŠ“แŒ‹แŒ†แ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแАแ‰ แˆฉ แˆŒแˆ‹แ‹ แ‹จแ‰ณแˆชแŠซแ‰ฝแŠ• แŒˆแŒฝแ‰ณ แАแ‹። แŒ„แŠ”แˆซแˆ แ‰ฆแ‹ณแˆแ‹ต แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แŠ แ‰ แ‰ฃ แ‰ แˆ˜แŒ“แ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แАแ‹ แˆฒแ‰ฃแˆ แˆฅแแˆญ แ‰แŒฅแˆญ แ‹จแˆŒแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แŠซแˆ•แŠ“แ‰ตแŠ“ แˆ˜แ‹˜แˆแˆซแŠ• แˆฐแˆ‹แˆณ แŠชแˆŽ แˆœแ‰ตแˆญ แˆญแ‰€แ‰ต แ‰ฐแŒ‰แ‹˜แ‹ แˆแ‰ฅแˆฐ แ‰ฐแŠญแˆ…แŠ–แŠ แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แˆˆแ‰ฅแˆฐแ‹፣ แŠจแ‰ แˆฎแŠ แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แŠฅแ‹จแ‹ฐแ‰ แ‹ฐแ‰ก፣ แŒธแŠ“แŒฝแˆ‰แŠ• แŠฅแ‹ซแŠ•แŒปแˆˆแˆ‰…แ‰ฐแ‰€แ‰ แˆ‰แ‰ต แ‹ญแ‰ฃแˆ‹แˆ። แ‰ แŒฝแˆ‘แ แŒญแˆแˆญ แ‰†แ‹ญแ‰ถแˆแŠ“แˆ።…แ‰†แ‹ญ แ‰†แ‹ญ แŠฅแŠ•แŒ‚ แ‹ˆแ‹ณแŒ„ แ‹ถแŠญแ‰ฐแˆญ แŠ แˆจแŒ‹แ‹Š แ‰ แˆญแˆ” แ‹จแˆšแАแŒแˆจแŠ• แˆแˆฅแŒขแˆญ แŠ แˆˆแ‹። แ‹ˆแ‹ซแŠ” แˆฅแˆแŒฃแŠ• แŠจแˆ˜แ‹ซแ‹™ แ‰ แŠแ‰ต – แŒซแŠซ แ‰ แАแ‰ แˆจแ‰ แ‰ต แ‹˜แˆ˜แŠ• แŠจแŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆบแˆ… แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠซแˆ…แŠ“แ‰ตแŠ“ แˆ˜แАแŠฎแˆณแ‰ต แŠซแ‹ตแˆฌแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แАแ‰ แˆฉแ‰ต። แˆตแˆˆ แŠ แˆตแ‰†แˆฎแ‰ฑ แ‹ญแˆ‘แ‹ณ แˆ›แ‹แˆซแ‰ต แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ญแˆฐแˆˆแ‰ปแ‰ธแ‹ แŠจแˆแ‹ตแ‹ซแŠ• แ‹ฐแ‰ฃแ‰ตแˆญ! แˆƒแ‹ญแˆ›แŠ–แ‰ฑ แ‰ แ‹šแˆ… แ‹จแ‰ฐแАแˆณ แˆŠแ‹ˆแ‰€แˆต แŠ แ‹ญแŒˆแ‰ฃแ‹แˆ። แ‰†แ‰กแŠ• แ‹ซแŒ แˆˆแ‰ แ‹ฐแŠซแˆžแ‰ฝ፣ แŒธแŠ“แŒฝแˆ‰แŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแŠ•แˆนแ‹‹แˆน แˆฐแАแŽแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ•แŒ‚። แˆซแˆต แˆ˜แŠฐแŠ•แŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ… แ‹ซแˆ‰ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠฅแ‹ซแˆฐแˆ‹แˆฐแˆ‰፣ แˆซแˆต แˆ˜แˆตแแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแˆ˜แŒฃแ‹แŠ• แ‹จแ‹ฐแˆ แŒแˆญแ แŠฅแ‹ซแˆฐแ‰ก፣ แ‹จแŠคแ‹ตแˆ˜แˆช “แ‰ฐแˆตแ‹แ‹ฌ” แ‹จแŠ แŒˆแˆญ แˆ˜แ‰…แˆˆแŒฅ แ‰ตแŠซแ‹œ แŠฅแ‹ซแˆตแŒจแАแ‰€แ‹ แ‰ขแ‹ซแˆˆแ‰…แˆต- แ‰ขแ‹ซแˆˆแ‰…แˆฑ- แ‹ญแ‰ฅแ‹›แ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹?
แ‹จแˆšแˆฐแ‹แ‰ต แŠ แˆˆแ‰?
แ‰€แ‹ฐแˆ แˆฒแˆ แˆˆแŒ แ‰€แˆตแŠ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แŒ‹แ‹œแŒ แŠ› (แ‹ฐแˆตแ‰ณ แˆแ‰ตแŠฌ) แˆแˆˆแ‰ต แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„แ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠ แŠ•แˆตแ‰ผแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แАแ‰ แˆญ። แŠ แŠ•แ‹ฐแŠ›แ‹ แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„ “แˆˆแˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘ แ‹จแŠ แˆญแ‰ แŠแАแ‰ฑ แ‹˜แˆ˜แŠ•- แ‹จแŒ€แŒแŠ•แАแ‰ฑ แแŒปแˆœ” แŠ แ‹ตแ‹‹ แАแ‹ แ‰ฅแˆˆแ‹ แ‹ซแˆแŠ“แˆ‰?” แˆแˆˆแ‰ฐแŠ›แ‹ แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„ “แŠฅแ‰ดแŒŒแ‹ญแ‰ฑ แ‹จแˆแŠ’แˆแŠญ แŒฎแˆ›- แ‹จแˆแŠ’แˆแŠญ แŒ แŒ… แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ… แАแ‹ แ‹ˆแ‹ญ? แˆฒแˆ‰ แˆˆแˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘ แ‹ซ แˆแˆ‰ แˆ แˆซแ‹Šแ‰ต แ‹จแˆแŠ’แˆแŠญแŠ• แŒ แŒ…แŠ“ แŒฎแˆ› แ‹ซแ‹แ‰… แАแ‰ แˆญ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹?” แŠ แˆแŠณแ‰ธแ‹። แŠ แˆจแŒ‹แ‹Šแ‹ แŠจแŠ•แ‰ฒแ‰ฃ แ‹จแˆแŠ’แˆแŠญ แŒฎแˆ›แŠ“ แŒ แŒ… แ‹ญแ‰ตแ‰ แˆแˆ แАแ‹። แ‰ แˆแŠ’แˆแŠญ แŒŠแ‹œ แˆ•แ‹แ‰ก แˆฐแˆ‹แˆ แАแŒแˆฆแˆˆแ‰ต፣ แแ‰ตแˆ• แŠ แŒแŠแ‰ถ แ‹ซแˆˆแˆฅแŒ‹แ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแŠ–แˆญแ‰ แ‰ต แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แŠ• แ‰ แˆ™แˆ‰ แŠฅแˆญแŒแŒ แŠแАแ‰ต แ‹ญแŠ“แŒˆแˆซแˆ‰። แŠ แŒˆแˆญ แ‹จแˆ˜แŒ แ‰ แ‰…แŠ• แŠฅแˆดแ‰ต แŠ แŠ•แˆฅแ‰ฐแ‹ แ‰ แ‹šแ‹ซ แˆ˜แŠ•แˆแˆต แˆ•แ‹แ‰ก แ‰ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ตแАแ‰ต แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆ˜ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แŒฆแˆญ แˆœแ‹ณ แ‰ แ‹ฐแˆตแ‰ณ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐ แ‹˜แˆ˜แ‰ฐ แ‹ซแ‹ˆแˆณแˆ‰። แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซแŠ• แ‹จแŒ แ‰ แ‰€ แ‹ญแˆ… แˆ˜แŠ•แˆแˆต แАแ‹። แ‹ญแˆ… แŠฅแˆแАแ‰ต แАแ‹። แ‹ซ แ‹ˆแŠ” แАแ‹። แ‹จแŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ… แ‹จแˆฆแˆตแ‰ฑ แ‰ฃแˆ•แˆญแ‹ซแ‰ต แ‹แˆ…แ‹ฐแ‰ต แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแˆธแˆจแˆธแˆจ แˆ˜แˆแŒฃแ‰ฑแŠ• แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‰ แ‹“แ‹ญแŠ“แ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ฑ แŠ แ‹ญแ‰ฐแ‹แ‰ณแˆ። แ‰ แ‹แˆบแˆตแ‰ฑ แ‹ˆแˆจแˆซ แ‹ˆแ‰…แ‰ตแŠ“ แ‰ แŠ‹แˆ‹แˆ። แ‰ แŠ‹แˆ‹แˆ แŠฅแˆตแŠจ แŠฅแŠ› แ‹ตแˆจแˆต! แŠ แ‹ŽแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹ แˆแŠ’แˆแŠญแŠ“ แŒฃแ‹ญแ‰ฑ แ‰ฅแ‰ป แˆณแ‹ญแˆ†แŠ‘ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐ แˆซแˆต แˆ˜แŠฐแŠ•แŠ•፣ แˆซแˆต แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแˆป แ‹ˆแ‹˜แ‰ฐ แ‹ซแˆ‰แ‰ตแˆ แ‰ แˆ›แ‹•แ‹ณแ‰ธแ‹ แŠจแ‰ แˆญแŠซแ‰ณ แˆ•แ‹แ‰ฅ แŒ‹แˆญ แ‹ญแˆ˜แŒˆแ‰ก แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแАแ‰ แˆจ แ‹ญแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰ƒแˆ።
แŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ… แ‹จแŒ แ‰ƒแ‰€แˆตแŠ‹แ‰ธแ‹แŠ“ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐ แАแ‰ฅแ‹ฉ แŠคแˆญแˆแ‹ซแˆต แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ™แ‹ซ แŠ แˆแ‰ƒแˆฝ แ‹จแˆšแˆ˜แˆตแˆ‰แ‰ต แŠ แ‰ฃแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แแˆญแˆƒแ‰ต แˆŠแˆฐแˆ˜แˆญแ‰ แ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแ‰ฃ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แŠ• แŠฅแˆจแ‹ณแˆˆแˆ። แ‹ˆแˆญแ‰แˆ แˆšแ‹›แŠ‘แˆ แ‰ แŒ แ‹แ‰ แ‰ต แ‰ แ‹šแˆ… แˆฐแ‹“แ‰ต แˆˆแŠ แŒˆแˆชแ‰ฑ แŒฅแˆช แˆ›แАแ‹ “แŠฅแАแˆ†แŠ แŠฅแŠ”” แ‹จแˆšแˆ? แŠฅแŠ”แˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแАแˆฑ แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆซแ‹ฌ แŠฅแŒ แ‹ญแ‰ƒแˆˆแˆ። แ‰ แŒแˆแŠžแ‰ฝ แŠ แˆ›แŠซแ‹ญแАแ‰ต แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แŒแˆแŠžแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆตแ‰…แˆ‹แ‰ต “แˆตแŠซแŽแˆแ‹ต” แˆฒแ‹ˆแˆฐแ‹ฑ แ‰€แŒฅ แ‰ฅแˆˆแ‹ แ‰ แŠฉแˆซแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแˆซแˆ˜แ‹ฑ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠ แˆ‰แŠ•? แŠ แ‹Ž…แŠ แ‹Ž…แŠ แ‹Ž…แ‰แŒฅแˆซแ‰ธแ‹ แŠ แАแˆฐ แŠฅแŠ•แŒ‚!
แŠ แ‰ถ แ‰ฐแˆแˆซ แ‹ฐแŒแŒ แ‹จแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซแŠ• แŠขแŠฎแŠ–แˆš แˆฅแˆญแ‹“แ‰ต แ‰ แˆ›แˆตแ‹ซแ‹፣ แ‹จแ‰ฃแŠ•แŠญแŠ• แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ต แˆˆแˆ›แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹‹แ‹ˆแ‰…แŠ“ แˆซแˆณแ‰ธแ‹แˆ แ‰ แŠ•แŒฝแˆ•แŠ“แŠ“ แ‰ แˆ•แŒ‹แ‹ŠแАแ‰ต แ‰ แˆ˜แŠ–แˆญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹ฐแАแ‰ แŠ แŒˆแˆญ แ‹ˆแ‹ณแ‹ต แˆฐแ‹ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹። แŠ แ‰ถ แ‰ฐแˆแˆซ แ‰ แ‹ฐแˆญแŒ แŒŠแ‹œ แ‰ แŒแ แŠจแ‰ณแˆฐแˆฉ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆ˜แŠซแŠจแˆ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ฑ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹። แŠจแŠฅแˆฅแˆซแ‰ต แŠจแ‰ฐแˆแ‰ฑ แ‰ แŠ‹แˆ‹ Tipping Points แ‹จแˆšแˆ แ‹จแ‰ตแ‹แ‰ณ แˆ˜แŒฝแˆแ แŠ แ‹แŒฅแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆ። แˆˆแˆ˜แ‹ตแŒˆแˆ แ‹ซแˆ…แˆ แŠ แ‰ถ แ‰ฐแˆแˆซแŠ• แ‰ แŠ•แ‰…แ‹˜แ‰ต፣ แ‰ แ‰…แ‰ฅแŒ แ‰ตแŠ“ แ‰ แ‹แˆตแˆแ‰ตแŠ“ แˆ˜แŒฝแˆแ‰ แŠ แ‹ญแŒ แˆซแ‰ธแ‹แˆ። แ‰ณแ‹ฒแ‹ซ แŠ แ‰ถ แ‰ฐแˆแˆซ แ‰ แŒ แ‰€แˆตแˆแ‰ต แˆ˜แŒฝแˆแ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆ˜แˆ‹แˆแˆฐแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแŒ แ‹ญแ‰แ‰ต แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„ แŠ แˆˆ። “แˆˆแˆแŠ• แŠฅแŠ”?” Why me? Why me? Why me? แˆˆแˆแŠ• แŠฅแŠ”? แˆŒแˆŽแ‰ฝแˆ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆแˆ‰ แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ• แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„ แˆŠแ‹ซแ‰€แˆญแ‰ก แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ‰። แ‹จแˆžแ‰ฑแ‰ต แˆตแ‹ตแˆณ แŒ“แ‹ฐแŠžแ‰ปแ‰ธแ‹- แ‰ แŠ‹แˆ‹แˆ แ‰ แˆฐแˆ›แ‹•แ‰ตแАแ‰ต แ‹จแ‹ˆแ‹ฐแ‰แ‰ต แŠฅแА แŠ แ‰กแА แ‰ดแ‹ŽแแˆŽแˆต፣ แ‰„แˆต แŒ‰แ‹ฒแŠ“ แ‰ฑแˆแˆณ፣ แ‹ฐแŒƒแ‰ฝ แŠซแˆฃ แ‹ˆแˆแ‹ฐแˆ›แˆญแ‹ซแˆ- แŠ แ‰ แ‰  แŠจแ‰ แ‹ฐ- แˆแˆจแŒแ‰ต แ‹“แ‰ฃแ‹ญ…แŠจแˆ˜แ‰ƒแ‰ฅแˆญแˆ แˆ†แАแ‹ แˆˆแˆแŠ• แŠฅแŠ”? แˆŠแˆ‰ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ‰። แŠ แ‰ฃ แŠฎแˆตแ‰ตแˆญ แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹˜แˆˆแ‰€…แŠ แˆ แŠ•แŒ‰แˆฅ แ‰ณแŠจแˆˆ แ‹ˆแˆแ‹ฐ แˆแ‹‹แˆญแ‹ซแ‰ต…แŠ แ‰ถ แˆแŒ แА…แˆซแˆต แŠ แ‰ แ‰ …แˆ™แˆ‰แŒŒแ‰ณ แ‰กแˆŠ…แˆˆแˆแŠ• แŠฅแŠ”? แ‹จแˆšแˆ แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„ แˆŠแŠ–แˆซแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ። แ‰ฃแˆแˆแ‹ แˆ˜แŒฃแŒฅแŒ แ‰…แŒฅแˆแ‰ตแŠ“ แ‹ˆแŠ•แŒ€แˆ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แ‰คแ‰ฐ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆฅแ‰ต…แŠ•แŒฝแˆ•แŠ“แŠ“ แˆ˜แˆตแ‹‹แ‹•แ‰ตแАแ‰ต แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แ‰€แˆซแŠ•แ‹ฎ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแˆ„แ‹ฑ – แŠ แ‹ตแˆซแˆณแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹ซ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ต แˆžแŠญแˆฌแ‹ซแˆˆแˆ። แ‰ แŠฅแˆแАแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆ˜แАแ‹แˆฉ፣ แŠ แ‹ฐแˆซ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆฐแŒฃแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‹˜แˆญแ‰ แ‰คแ‰ฐ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆฅแ‰ฑ แ‹ญแˆ˜แ‰ปแ‰ธแ‹‹แˆ። แ‹จแ‹จแ‹˜แˆ˜แŠ‘แŠ• แ‹จแŠ แŒˆแˆซแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แŒฅแˆช แˆˆแˆ˜แˆตแˆ›แ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฝแˆ‰แ‰ต แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‹จแŒฝแŒŒแˆจแ‹ณ แแˆซแˆฝแŠ“ แ‹จแ‹ˆแˆญแ‰… แŠ แˆแŒ‹ แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆ แ‹จแˆšแŒ แ‰ฅแ‰ƒแ‰ธแ‹። “แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ… แ‹“แ‹ญแАแ‰ฑแŠ•” แ‹จแŒŠแ‹œ แ‹ตแˆแ…- แ‹จแŠฅแŠ“แ‰ต แŠ แŒˆแˆญ แŒฅแˆช แ‹จแˆšแˆฐแˆ™ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แˆแŠ•แˆ แ‹“แ‹ญแАแ‰ต แˆˆแˆแŠ• แŠฅแŠ”” แŠ แ‹ญแˆ‰แˆ። แˆแŒ†แ‰ผ แŠฅแА แŠฅแˆตแŠญแŠ•แ‹ตแˆญ፣ แ‰ แ‰€แˆˆ፣ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ฑแ‹“แˆˆแˆ…แˆญแŠฅแ‹ฎแ‰ต แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ• แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„ แŠ แ‹ซแАแˆกแˆ። แˆ˜แˆตแ‹‹แ‹•แ‰ต แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ•แŠฎ แ‹จแ‰ณแˆชแŠญ แ‹•แŒฃแŠ“ แ‹•แ‹ตแˆ แАแ‹። แŠฉแˆซแ‰ต!
แŠ แ‹ŽแŠ• แˆแŠ’แˆแŠญแˆ፣ แŒแ‰ แŠ“แˆ፣ แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญแˆ፣ แŠ แ‰ แ‰ แˆ፣ แŠ แ‰ฅแ‹ฒแˆณแˆ..แ‰ แˆŒแˆ‰แ‰ แ‰ตแŠ“ แ‹จแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซแŠ• แŒฅแˆชแŠ“ แ‹จแŒŠแ‹œ แ‹ตแˆแ… ( The Voice of Time) แˆˆแˆ˜แˆตแˆ›แ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ปแˆ‰ แŒฅแ‰‚แ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‰ แˆšแˆ˜แˆตแˆ‰แ‰ฃแ‰ต แŠ แŒˆแˆญ แ‰ แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แ‹ฐแˆจแŒƒ แˆŠแˆฐแ‰ แŠญ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแ‰ฃแ‹ แ‹จแˆ˜แˆตแ‹‹แ‹•แ‰ตแАแ‰ต แ‹ˆแŠ•แŒŒแˆ (The Gospel of Sacrifice) แАแ‹። The Gospel of Sacrifice แ‹จแŠ แˆœแˆชแŠซ แŒฅแ‰แˆฎแ‰ฝ แ‰ 20แŠ›แ‹ แŠญแแˆˆ แ‹˜แˆ˜แŠ• แˆ˜แ‰ฃแ‰ป แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹ซแАแˆกแ‰ต แ‹จแŠฅแŠฉแˆแАแ‰ต แˆ˜แ‰ณแŒˆแ‹ซ แ‹“แˆญแˆ›แ‰ธแ‹ แАแ‰ แˆญ። แ‹จแˆฅแˆแŒฃแŠ” แˆแˆฅแŒขแˆญ፣ แ‹จแ‰ฃแˆ‹แŠ แŒˆแˆญแАแ‰ต แ‰ตแˆญแŒ‰แˆ፣ แ‹จแˆฐแˆˆแŒ แА แˆ•แ‹แ‰ฅ แ‹จแˆ•แˆแ‹แŠ“ แ‹‹แˆตแ‰ตแŠ“ แŠจแ‹šแˆ… แˆฐแŠ แ‹แ‰…แ‹ซแŠ–แˆต (แŠจแˆ˜แˆตแ‹‹แ‹•แ‰ตแАแ‰ต แ‹ˆแŠ•แŒŒแˆ) แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แˆˆแˆ˜แ‰…แ‹ณแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆˆแŠ•።
แˆตแˆˆ แˆแ‰…แˆถแŠ“ แŠ แˆแ‰ƒแˆฝ แŒแˆˆแˆฐแ‰ฆแ‰ฝ แАแ‰ แˆญ แ‰ แˆฐแŠแ‹ แˆˆแˆ›แˆตแˆจแ‹ณแ‰ต แ‹ˆแ‹ฒแ‹ซ แ‹ˆแ‹ฒแˆ… แˆตแˆจแŒแŒฅ แ‹จแ‰†แ‹จแˆแ‰ต። แˆˆแŠ แŒˆแˆซแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ›แˆแ‰€แˆฑ፣ แˆตแˆˆแ‰ฐแˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒ แ‹ แˆฐแ‰ฅแŠฅแŠ“แ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ˜แ‰ฐแŠจแ‹™፣ แˆตแˆˆแ‰ฐแˆธแАแˆธแАแ‹ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ตแАแ‰ณแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ˜แ‰†แ‹˜แˆ™ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แАแŒˆแˆญ แАแ‹። แŠ แˆแ‰ƒแˆฝแŠ“ แŠ แˆแ‰ƒแˆฝ แˆ•แ‹แ‰ฅ แˆ†แАแŠ•แŠ“ แ‹ˆแˆฌ แˆตแŠ•แˆฐแˆแ‰… แˆ˜แŠ–แˆญแˆ แŠ แ‹ญแŒˆแ‰ฃแŠ•แˆ። แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‹ถแ‰ฝแˆ- แŠ แ‹ŽแŠ• แˆดแ‰ถแ‰ฝแˆ แˆ†แŠ– แˆ˜แАแˆณแ‰ฑ แАแ‹ แˆ˜แ‹ตแŠ…แŠ’แ‰ฑ። แŒ แˆ‹แ‰ถแ‰ปแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠฅแˆตแŠจแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰ แ‹ตแˆจแˆต แ‰ แŒˆแ‰กแ‰ แ‰ต แ‹ฑแˆญ แˆˆแˆ˜แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ต፣ แ‰ แ‰†แˆ™แ‰ แ‰ต แˆฅแแˆซ แ‹ฐแˆญแˆถ แˆ˜แŒˆแŠ˜แ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแˆแˆแŒ แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆตแˆˆแŠ›แˆ። แŠจแ‰ถแ‹แŠ•แˆ แŠจแˆแˆญ แŠ แˆแŠœแ‰ แ‰ณแˆˆแˆ። แ‹จแŠฅแАแˆฑ แŠฅแŒ… แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฐแŠฉแˆต፣ แ‹จแŠฅแŠ› แˆแŠ•แ‰ณ แˆ˜แŒˆแ‹ฐแˆ แ‰ฅแ‰ป แŠจแˆ†แА แแˆแˆตแแŠ“ แˆซแˆตแ‹‹ แˆ›แ‹ฐแˆชแ‹ซ แŠ แŒฃแ‰ฝ แˆˆแˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‹ญแ‰ปแˆ‹แˆ። แˆตแˆˆ แˆ˜แˆตแ‹‹แ‹•แ‰ตแАแ‰ต แАแ‹ แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ˆแˆณแ‹። แˆˆแˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘ แˆ˜แˆตแ‹‹แ‹•แ‰ตแАแ‰ต แˆ˜แŒˆแ‹ฐแˆ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹ แˆแˆ‹แˆตแˆ› แˆ›แАแ‹? แŠจแ‹šแ‹ซ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆปแˆˆ แˆ›แˆฐแ‰ฅแŠ“ แˆ›แ‰€แ‹ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ดแ‰ต แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฝแˆแˆ? แˆˆแˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แˆต แˆฐแˆ‹แˆ›แ‹Š แ‰ตแŒแˆ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต “แ‹ซแ‹แˆแˆ… แŒแ‹ฐแˆˆแŠ! แ‹‹แŒ‹แ‹แŠ• แ‰ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆฅแ‰ฐ แˆฐแˆ›แ‹ซแ‰ต แŠ แŒˆแŠ˜แ‹‹แˆˆแˆ” แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แŠ•? แ‹จแ‹šแˆ… แ‹“แ‹ญแАแ‰ฑ แˆฐแ‹ แˆฅแแˆซ แŒˆแ‹ณแˆ แАแ‹። แŠฅแŠ” แ‹จแˆ›แАแˆณแ‹ แˆตแˆˆ แˆแ‹ตแˆซแ‹Šแ‰ต แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แАแ‹።
แˆ˜แˆˆแˆต แ‹œแŠ“แ‹Š แŠจแˆ˜แˆžแ‰ฑ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ต แ‰ แŠแ‰ต “แˆ˜แˆˆแˆต แ‹œแŠ“แ‹Š แŠจแˆแˆญแŒซ แˆณแŒฅแŠ• แ‹ญแˆแ‰… แ‹จแˆฌแˆณ แˆณแŒฅแŠ• แˆ˜แˆญแŒฆแŠ แˆ” แ‰ แˆšแˆ แˆญแŠฅแˆต แ‹จแŒปแแˆแ‰ตแŠ• แˆ˜แŒฃแŒฅแ แŠ แˆตแ‰ณแ‹แˆณแˆˆแˆ። แˆฐแŠแŠ“ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŠ•แ‹›แ‹›แ‹ แˆ˜แŒฃแŒฅแŒ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐ แˆ˜แˆˆแˆต แ‹ซแˆ‰แ‰ตแŠ• แŒแˆแŠžแ‰ฝ แŠ แˆแ‰ฃแŒˆแАแŠ–แ‰ฝ แˆ˜แ‰ณแŒˆแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐ แŒฝแ‹ตแ‰… แˆŠแ‰ณแ‹ญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแ‰ฝแˆ แŒˆแˆแŒซแˆˆแˆ። แˆˆแ‹šแˆ…แˆ แˆตแˆˆ Just war, Holy war แ‹ˆแ‹˜แ‰ฐ แ‹จแˆฐแ‰ แŠฉแ‰ตแŠ• แ‰ณแˆ‹แˆ‹แ‰… แ‹จแŠญแˆญแˆตแ‰ตแŠ“ แˆ˜แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠ แˆณแ‰ฆแ‰ฝ แŠ แŠ•แˆตแ‰ปแˆˆแˆ። แ‹›แˆฌ แˆซแˆดแŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แŒฅแ‰€แˆต แŠ แˆแ‹ˆแ‹ตแ‹ตแˆ። แ‰ฅแ‰ป แˆแ‹ฐแŒแˆ แ‹จแˆแˆแˆแŒˆแ‹ แŒแˆแŠžแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ›แˆตแ‹ˆแŒˆแ‹ต፣ แŠ แˆˆแ‹šแ‹ซแˆ แˆ˜แ‰ƒแ‹ˆแˆแŠ“ แˆ˜แ‰‹แ‰‹แˆ แŠฅแŒแ‹œแˆญแŠ• แˆ˜แ‰ณแ‹˜แ‹ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แŠ• แˆ‹แˆฐแˆแˆญแ‰ แ‰ต แŠฅแˆปแˆˆแˆ።
แŒแแŠ“ แŒญแ‰†แŠ“ แ‰ แ‹ฐแˆ แˆฅแˆฎแ‰น แ‹แˆตแŒฅ “แ‰แŒก แ‰€แ‹ญ แ‹ฐแˆ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹แŠ•” แŒแˆˆแˆฐแ‰ฅ แ‹ซแˆณแ‰ฅแ‹ณแˆ። แ‹ˆแˆ‹แŒ†แ‰ปแ‰ฝแˆ แ‰ แŠ แ‰ฅแ‹›แŠ›แ‹ แ‹ญแˆ… แ‰€แ‹ญ แ‹ฐแˆ แ‰ แˆฅแˆซแˆฅแˆฎแ‰ปแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แАแ‰ แˆซแ‰ธแ‹። แ‹ญแˆ… แŒแแŠ“ แŒญแ‰†แŠ“ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‹›แˆฌ แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‰ แ‰ต แˆแŠ”แ‰ณ፣ แˆฅแแˆซแŠ“ แŒŠแ‹œ (แ‰ณแ‹ญแˆ แŠคแŠ•แ‹ต แˆตแ”แˆต) แˆŠแˆฝแˆญ- แˆŠแ‹ตแŠ• -แŠ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆแˆ። แŒ แŠ•แŠซแˆซ แ‹œแŒแ‰ฝ แŠซแˆ‰แŠ• แˆ˜แ‹ตแŠ…แŠ’แ‰ฑ แ‰…แˆญแ‰ฅแŠ“ แ‰€แˆ‹แˆ แАแ‹። แŒ แˆ‹แ‰ถแ‰ปแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ แŠฅแŠ› แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแ‹ฐแŒˆแŠ‘แ‰ตแŠ• แˆ˜แˆฃแˆชแ‹ซ แŒญแˆแˆญ แŠ แˆตแŒฅแˆˆแŠ• แ‹ˆแ‹ฐแАแˆฑ แˆ›แ‹žแˆญ แ‰ แ‹“แˆˆแˆ›แ‹Šแ‹แˆ แˆ•แŒ แ‹ˆแŠ•แŒ€แˆ፣ แ‰ แˆ˜แŠ•แˆแˆณแ‹Šแ‹แˆ แ‹“แˆˆแˆ แŠ…แŒขแ‹ซแ‰ต แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆ።  แŠจแˆ›แŠ•แˆ แŒ‹แˆญ แˆˆแˆ˜แŠจแˆซแŠจแˆญ แŠฅแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆˆแˆ። แ‰ถแˆ›แˆต แŠ แŠณแ‹ญแАแˆตแŠ•፣ แŠ แ‰กแА แŠ แ‰ตแŠ“แ‰ตแ‹ฎแˆตแŠ•፣ แ‹จแŠ•แŒฝแˆ•แŠ“ แˆ›แˆตแˆจแŒƒ แ‹จแˆ†แАแ‹แŠ• แแˆซแŠ•แˆฒแˆต แŠฆแ แŠ แˆฒแˆฒแŠ•፣ แ‹จแˆ‹แ‹ฎแˆ‹ แ‹ฉแŠ’แ‰จแˆญแˆฒแ‰ฒ แˆฅแแˆญ แ‰แŒฅแˆญ แ‹จแˆŒแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แˆ˜แАแŠฐแˆณแ‰ตแŠ• แˆแˆตแŠญแˆญแАแ‰ต แŠ แ‰€แˆญแ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ። แˆ’แ‰ตแˆˆแˆญแŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แŒแ‹ฐแˆ แˆตแŠ•แ‰ต แ“แˆตแ‰ฐแˆฎแ‰ฝ แ‹จแ‹จแˆซแˆณแ‰ธแ‹ แŠฅแŠ•แ‰…แˆตแ‰ƒแˆด แŠ แ‹ตแˆญแŒˆแ‹‹แˆ? แ‰ แŠ แˆ˜แŒฝ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠ แˆ˜แŒฝ แ‰ แ‰ฐแŠซแˆ„แ‹ฐแ‰ แ‰ต แ‹ˆแ‰…แ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐ แ“แˆตแ‰ฐแˆญ แ‹ŽแˆแแŒ‹แŠ•แŒ แ‹ซแˆ‰ แˆฐแ‰ฃแŠญแ‹ซแŠ• แ‹ซแŠซแˆ„แ‹ฑแŠ แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‰ตแŒแˆŽแ‰ฝ แ‹ซแŒคแŠ‘แŠ แˆ። แ‹จแŠฅแŠ›แŠ•แˆ แŠ แ‰กแА แŒดแŒฅแˆฎแˆตแŠ“ แŠ แ‰กแА แˆšแŠซแŠคแˆแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแŒˆแŠ“ แŠฅแŒ แ‰…แˆณแˆˆแˆ። แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… แ‹จแŒŠแ‹œแŠ• แ‹ตแˆแŒฝแŠ“ แ‹จแŠ แŒˆแˆญแŠ• แŒฅแˆช แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ญแˆฐแˆ›แŠ“ แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ญแ‰€แ‰ แˆ แ‰ตแ‹แˆแ‹ต แˆญแŒ‰แˆ แˆตแˆˆแˆšแ‰ฃแˆ แˆแˆ‰แˆ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซแ‹Š แ‹จแˆšแŒ แ‰ แ‰…แ‰ แ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ตแŒแˆ แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹‹แŒฝแ‹– แŠ แˆˆ። แ‹ˆแŒฃแ‰ฑ แ‰ฐแ‰ฃแ‰ฃแˆช แ“แ‹ญแˆˆแ‰ต แˆแŠ• แ‹จแˆ˜แˆฐแˆˆ แŠ แŠคแˆฎแ•แˆ‹แŠ• แ‹ญแ‹ž แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แˆตแ‹Šแ‰ตแ‹˜แˆญแˆ‹แŠ•แ‹ต แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ„แ‹ฑ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แ‹จแ‰ตแŒแˆ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแˆญ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹‹แŒฝแ‹Ž แŠ แ‰ แˆญแŠญแ‰ถแŠ แˆ። แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แ‹จแ‹ˆแ‹ซแŠ” แˆนแˆ˜แŠ› แ‰€แŒฃแˆชแ‹Žแ‰นแŠ• แ‰ แŠ แ‹ฐแ‰ฃแ‰ฃแ‹ญ แ‰ขแ‹ซแŒ‹แˆแŒฃแ‰ธแ‹ (แ‰ แ‰ฐแ‹ˆแŠจแˆˆแ‰ แ‰ต แˆแАแŠ› แˆ˜แ‹ตแˆจแŠญ) แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆŒแˆ‹ แŒ แŠ•แŠซแˆซ แ‰ฐแŒ‹แ‹ตแˆŽ แАแ‹። แ‹‹แАแŠžแ‰น แ‹ˆแˆณแŠ แŒˆแ‹ฅแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แŠ แŠซแ‰ฃแ‰ข แˆฒแ‹ซแ‹ตแˆ™ (แˆ˜แ‰ธแˆ แˆˆแŠฅแ‹ตแŒˆแ‰ตแŠ“ แˆแˆ›แ‰ต แ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ แˆฐแ‰ก แŠ แ‹ญแ‰ฃแˆแˆ) แ‰ แ‰แŒฅแŒฅแˆญ แˆฅแˆญ แˆ›แ‹‹แˆ…แ‹ˆแ‹˜แ‰ฐ แŠจแ แ‹ซแˆˆ แ‹จแ‰ตแŒแˆ แŠฅแ‹ตแŒˆแ‰ต แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆตแˆˆแŠ›แˆ። แˆ›แ‹•แŠจแˆ‹แ‹Š แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆฅแ‰ฑแŠ• แˆ˜แŒˆแˆ‹แŒˆแˆ แ‰ แŠฅแˆญแŒแŒฅ แˆ˜แˆตแ‹‹แ‹•แ‰ตแАแ‰ตแŠ• แ‹ญแŒ แ‹ญแ‰ƒแˆ። แˆˆแˆšแˆแˆˆแŒˆแ‹ แ‹แŒคแ‰ตแˆ แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแˆ›แˆ›แŠ แˆญแˆแŒƒ แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆตแˆˆแŠ›แˆ።
แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ แˆ˜แŠ“แŒˆแˆญ แ‹จแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แ‹จแ‹ตแˆฎ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆฅแ‰ต แˆ›แˆตแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰‚แ‹ซ แˆšแŠ’แˆตแ‰ตแˆญ แ‰ แˆตแˆแŠญ แŠจแˆ˜แŠจแˆ‹แŠจแ‹ซ แŠ แ‰ปแ‰ธแ‹ แŒ‹แˆญ แˆฒแАแŒ‹แŒˆแˆฉ แ‰ แˆ แˆซแ‹Šแ‰ฑแˆ แ‰ แ‹ˆแŒฃแ‰ฑแˆ แ‰ฐแˆตแ‹ แ‹จแ‰†แˆจแŒกแ‰ แ‰ตแŠ• แˆแŠ”แ‰ณ แˆ˜แˆแŠ•แŒ แ‰ƒแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แŠ แˆตแ‰ณแ‹ˆแˆณแˆˆแˆ። “แˆตแˆ› แŒ„แŠ”แˆซแˆ! แ‹จแŠ แŠ•แ‰ฐแˆ แ‹ˆแ‰ณแ‹ฐแˆฎแ‰ฝ แ‹จแ‹ฐแˆ€ แŒแ‰ฐแˆซ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแˆˆแ‰ฅแŒก แŠฅแŠ•แŒ‚ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆฅแ‰ต แˆ˜แŒˆแˆแ‰ แŒฅ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฃแˆ แ‰‹แŠ•แ‰‹ แˆฐแˆแ‰ฐแ‹ แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ซแ‹แ‰ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹። แŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ… แˆแˆ‹แˆฐแŠ› แ‰ฐแˆ›แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒ‰แ‰ตแŠ• แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ซแ‹แ‰፣ แ‹ซแˆแ‰ฐแˆจแ‹ฑแ‰ตแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแАแŒแˆฑ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹። แ‰ตแ‹แˆแ‹ฑแŠ• แ‰ แŠ แŒญแˆฉ แ‰ แ‹แŠ•แ‹ตแ‹ซ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแ‰ แ‰€แˆˆ แŠฅแŠ•แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‹ญ แˆแˆˆแ‹ แŠฅแˆแˆแŒ‹แˆˆแˆ” แ‹ญแˆ‹แˆ‰። แŠ แАแŒ‹แŒˆแˆฉ แŒญแŠซแŠ” แ‹จแ‰ แ‹›แ‰ แ‰ต แ‰ขแˆ˜แˆตแˆแˆ แˆ˜แˆ แˆจแ‰ฑ แ‹ซแˆแŒ แ‰ แ‰€፣ แ‰ แ‰ฅแˆตแˆˆแ‰ต แ‹ซแˆแ‰ณแАแ€แŠ“፣ แˆˆแˆ˜แˆตแ‹‹แ‹•แ‰ตแАแ‰ต แ‹ซแˆแ‰ฐแ‹˜แŒ‹แŒ€ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แŠ• แŠฅแ‹ซแŒ‰แˆจแˆ˜แˆจแˆแŠ•แˆ แ‰ขแˆ†แŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‰€แ‰ แˆˆแ‹‹แˆˆแŠ•። แŠฅแŒแˆจแˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ณแ‰ฝแŠ•แŠ• แˆˆแ‹šแˆ… แŠ แ‹ฐแŒ‹ แ‰ฐแŒ แ‹ซแ‰‚ แ‹จแˆแŠ•แˆ†แŠ•แ‰ แ‰ตแˆ แˆ˜แŒ แŠ• แˆ›แˆ˜แŠ• แŠ แˆˆแ‰ฅแŠ•።
แŠ แ‹ŽแŠ• แˆแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆแˆ แ‰†แˆ แ‰ฅแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ แŠฅแˆตแŠช แ‹จแ‹›แˆฌแ‹ชแ‰ฑแŠ• แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แ‹จแ–แˆˆแ‰ฒแŠซ፣ แ‹จแŠขแŠฎแŠ–แˆš፣ แ‹จแŠ แˆ˜แˆซแˆญ፣ แ‹จแˆšแˆŠแ‰ฐแˆช แˆฅแ‹•แˆ แŠฅแŠ“แˆฐแˆ‹แˆตแˆ። แ‹จแŠ แŒˆแˆญ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ตแАแ‰ต แˆแˆจแˆฐ แ‰ฅแˆˆแŠ• แˆแ‰…แˆถแŠ แ‰ฝแŠ•แŠ• แˆณแŠ•แŒจแˆญแˆต แ‰ แ‹จแŠญแˆแˆ‰ แ‹ซแˆ‰ “แ‰ แ‹แŠ•แ‹ตแ‹ซ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแ‰ แ‰€แˆ‰ แŠฅแŠ•แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‹ฎแ‰ฝ” แŠจแ‰ถแ‹แŠ•แˆ แŒˆแŠ“ แˆแŠ‘ แ‰ณแ‹จแŠ“ แ‰ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‰ แˆ˜แŒจแˆจแˆป แ‰ตแŠ•แ‹แˆปแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แŠฅแ‹ซแŒฎแŠน แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹። แŠจแ‹šแˆ… แ‹จแ‰ฃแˆฐ แˆแŠ• แˆŠแ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒ‰แŠ• แˆแˆแŒˆแ‹‹แˆ? แ‰ แˆฅแˆแŒฃแŠ• แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹ แŠ แแˆซแˆฝ แŠ…แ‹ญแˆ แˆซแˆฑ แ‹จแ‰ตแ‹แˆแ‹ต แ‰ตแ‹แˆแ‹ต แ‰ฅแˆ”แˆซแ‹Š แ‹ˆแŠ•แŒ€แˆ แŠฅแ‹จแˆแŒธแˆ˜- แˆ•แ‹แ‰ฃแ‰ฝแŠ•แŠ• แŠฅแ‹ซแˆจแ‹ฐ፣ แ‹จแŠ แŒˆแˆชแ‰ฑแŠ• แˆ€แ‰ฅแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŠฅแ‹จแ‹˜แˆจแˆ፣ แ‹จแˆžแˆซแˆ แ‹ตแ‰€แ‰ต แŠฅแ‹ซแˆตแ‹แ‹- แ‰ฃแˆ•แˆแŠ“ แŠฅแˆแАแ‰ตแŠ• แŠฅแ‹ซแŒŽแ‹ฐแˆ-แ‹ญแŒˆแŠ›แˆ።
แ‰€แ‹ฐแˆ แˆฒแˆ แ‹จแŒ แ‰€แˆตแˆแ‰ต แ‰แŒก แ‰€แ‹ญ แ‹ฐแˆ แ‰ แ‹แˆตแŒฃแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ˜แŠ–แˆฉแŠ• แˆ˜แŒ แˆซแŒ แˆญ แŠ แ‹ญแŒˆแ‰ฃแŠ•แˆ? แ‰ แ‹šแˆ… แ‹•แ‹ตแˆœแ‹ฌ แˆ›แˆฐแ‰ฅ แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ญแŒˆแ‰ฃแŠ (แˆแŠ“แˆแ‰ฃแ‰ต) แŠ แˆณแ‰ฅ แ‹ตแ‰…แŠ• แ‹ญแˆแ‰ฅแŠ›แˆ። แ‰ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แ‰ แŠฉแˆ แŠขแˆ•แŠ แ“ แ‰ตแŠ“แแ‰€แŠ แŒ€แˆแˆซแˆˆแ‰ฝ። แ‰†แˆซแŒฅแАแ‰ต แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‰ แˆซแˆตแˆ แ‰ แŒ แˆ‹แ‰ตแˆ แˆ•แ‹ญแ‹ˆแ‰ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹แˆณแŠ” แˆˆแˆ˜แ‹แˆฐแ‹ต แˆ˜แ‹ˆแˆฐแŠ• แАแ‹። แŠขแˆ•แŠ แ“ แŠ“แˆแ‰€แ‰ฝแŠ። แ‹จแŠ แ‰ฃแ‰ถแ‰ปแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠ แ‹‹แˆซแŒ†แ‰ฝ- แˆแŒ†แ‰ปแ‰ฝแŠ•แŠ• แ‰ แŒ แˆซแˆซ แ€แˆแ‹ญ แ‹จแˆšแˆจแˆฝแŠ‘፣ แŠ แŒˆแˆซแ‰ฝแŠ•แŠ• แ‰ แŒแˆ‹แŒญ แ‹จแˆšแˆธแŒก แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‰ แ‹ดแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แ‹จแŠ แ‹ฐแ‰ฃแ‰ฃแ‹ฉ แˆฒแŒแˆ›แˆˆแˆ‰ แˆแˆ‹แ‰ฝแŠ•แˆ แˆŠแ‹ซแ‰ƒแŒฅแˆˆแŠ• แŠ แ‹ญแŒˆแ‰ฃแˆ? แŠขแˆ•แŠ แ“ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐ แˆžแ‰ฐ แ‹˜แˆ˜แ‹ต แŠ“แˆแ‰€แ‰ฝแŠ። แŠขแˆ•แŠ แ“ แ‰ฅแ‰ตแŠ–แˆญ แ‹ญแŠธ แˆแˆ‰ แˆฝแแ‰ณ แˆ˜แˆช แˆ˜แŠ•แˆแˆฑ แŠ แˆญแŽ แŠจแˆ˜แˆธแ‰ณ แ‰คแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆธแ‰ณ แ‰คแ‰ต แŠฅแ‹จแ‹žแˆจ- แˆฝแŒ‰แŒกแŠ• แˆ˜แˆฌแ‰ต แˆˆแˆ˜แˆฌแ‰ต แŠฅแ‹จแŒแ‰ฐแ‰ฐ- แ‹จแˆแŒˆแ‹แŠ• แŠฅแ‹ซแˆฐแˆจแŠ“ แŠฅแ‹ซแˆตแŒˆแ‹ฐแˆˆ፣ แ‰ แŠฅแ‰ฅแˆชแ‰ต แ‹ญแŠ•แ‰€แ‰ฃแˆจแˆญแ‰ฅแŠ• แАแ‰ แˆญแŠ•? แŠขแˆ•แŠ แ“แŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแˆ‹แˆ›แŠ‹แ‰ต แ‹›แˆฌ แˆ™แ‰ต แˆ˜แŠ•แˆแˆตแ‹‹แŠ• แˆ˜แ‰€แ‹ฐแˆต แ‹ญแ‹ฃแˆˆแˆ።
แ‰แŒฅแˆซแ‰ฝแŠ•แŠ•- แŠ•แ‹ดแ‰ณแ‰ฝแŠ•แŠ•- แ‰ แ‹ฐแˆ‹แ‰ฝแŠ•แŠ“ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆˆแ‰ฅแŠ•แŠ• แˆแˆ‰ แˆณแˆตแ‰ฅ แˆˆแˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘ แ‹จแŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แŠ แ‰ แ‰ฃ แˆฒแˆฆ แˆ•แ‹แ‰ฅ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆ›แˆˆแ‹ณ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ แŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ… แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ขแŠ•แ‰€แˆณแ‰€แˆต แˆˆแ‹ˆแˆฌ แАแŒ‹แˆช แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฐแˆญแ แ‹ญแŠ–แˆญ แ‹ญแˆ†แŠ•? แ‰ฅแ‹ฌแˆ แˆซแˆดแŠ• แŠฅแŒ แ‹ญแ‰ƒแˆˆแˆ። แ‰ แ‹แˆตแŒค แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹ แ‹จแˆ•แˆŠแŠ“ แ‹ตแˆแ… แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‹จแˆšแАแŒแˆจแŠ แˆŒแˆ‹ แˆแ‰… แŠ แˆˆ። แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แˆšแ‹ฒแ‹จแ‰ซแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แŒแˆŠแ‹ แˆแ‹แˆฐแ‹ณแ‰ฝแˆ። แŠจแˆ€แ‰ฅแ‰ณแˆ แ‰€แˆแ‰ถ แ‹ฐแˆ€ แ‹จแˆšแ‰€แˆแ‰ แ‹ Robin Hood แŠจแŠ แˆฅแˆญ แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ญแ‰ แˆแŒก Mery men ) แ‹ญแ‹ž แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆ แ‹ˆแ‹ญ แˆˆแŠ•แ‹ฐแŠ•แŠ• แ‰ แ‰แŒฅแŒฅแˆฉ แˆฅแˆญ แ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆจแŒˆแ‹? แŠฅแŠ•แŠชแ‹ซแˆต แŠ แˆฅแˆญ แ‹จแ‰„แˆซ แ‰ฆแˆแ‰ฃแˆญแ‹ถแ‰ฝ แŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แŠ แ‰ แ‰ฃแŠ• แ‰ แ‰แŒฅแŒฅแˆซแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แˆŠแ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒ‰ แŠ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‰แˆ? แ‹ญแŠธ แˆแˆ‰ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ™แˆ‰ แŒˆแˆ‹ แ‹ˆแŒฃแ‰ต- แ‹ญแŠธ แˆแˆ‰ แŠ แŠ•แŒ€แ‰ฑ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŠฎแˆ›แ‰ฐแˆจ แŒแˆจแˆแˆณ แ‰ แ‰กแ‹ตแŠ• แ‰ฐแŠจแ‹แแˆŽ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ฑ แ‹˜แˆญแ แŠ แŒฅแ‰‚፣ แˆŒแˆ‹แ‹ แ‹˜แˆญแ แ‹ฐแŒ€แŠ• แˆ†แŠ– แŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แŠ แ‰ แ‰ฃแŠ•แŠ“ – แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆฅแˆแŒฃแŠ–แ‰ฝแ‹‹แŠ• แ‰ แ‰แŒฅแŒฅแˆญ แˆฅแˆญ แˆŠแ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒ- แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹ˆแˆฐแŠ‘ แŒแˆˆแˆฐแ‰ฆแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ˜แ‹แˆจแ‹ต แŠ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆแˆแŠ•? แˆžแ‰ต แŠ แ‹ญแŠ–แˆญแˆ แŠ แ‹ญแ‰ฃแˆแˆ። แŒฆแˆญแАแ‰ต แ‰ณแ‹แŒ† แ‹จแˆˆแˆแŠ•? แ‹ญแˆ… แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆฅแ‰ต แ‰ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แˆ•แ‹แ‰ฅ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŒฆแˆญแАแ‰ต แˆ›แ‹ˆแŒแŠ• แŠ แˆแˆฐแˆ›แŠ•แˆ แ‹จแˆšแˆ แˆ›แАแ‹? แ‹‹แŠ“แ‹ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŠจแ‹แˆณแŠ” แˆ‹แ‹ญ แАแ‹። แ‹‹แŠ“แ‹ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ… แˆ‹แˆˆแ‹ แŒฆแˆญแАแ‰ต แˆ˜แ‹˜แŒ‹แŒ€แ‰ตแŠ“ แˆˆแˆ˜แˆตแ‹‹แ‹•แ‰ตแАแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰†แŒฃ แ‹ˆแŠ”፣ แ‹จแŒˆแАแˆแˆˆ แ‰€แ‹ญ แ‹ฐแˆ แˆ˜แŠ–แˆญ แАแ‹። แ‰€แ‹ฐแˆ แˆฒแˆ แ‹ซแАแˆฃแˆแ‰ตแŠ• แ‹จแˆ˜แˆตแ‹‹แ‹•แ‰ตแАแ‰ต แ‹ˆแŠ•แŒŒแˆแŠ• แˆ˜แ‰€แ‰ แˆ แАแ‹። The Gospel of Sacrifice
แ‹จแŒ€แˆญแˆ˜แŠ•แŠ• แแˆแˆตแแŠ“แŠ“ แˆฅแА แŒฝแˆ•แˆแ‰ต แ‹ซแАแ‰ แ‰ก (แ‰ แŒ€แˆญแˆ˜แŠ•แŠ›แ‹) แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ Goe the แ‹จแŒˆแ‰ด แˆตแˆ แˆฒแŒ แˆซ แˆแ‹ฉ แˆตแˆœแ‰ต แ‹ญแˆแŒฅแˆญแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹‹แˆ። แŠฅแŠ” แŒˆแ‰ดแŠ• แˆแŒ แ‰…แˆฐแ‹ แ‹จแˆแ‹ˆแ‹ตแ‹ฐแ‹ (แ‹แ‹แˆตแ‰ต แŠญแแˆ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต ..Faust Part One แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ แ‰ฐแŒ แ‰€แˆฐแ‹ แแˆแˆตแแŠ“แ‹ แАแ‹። แ‹จแŒˆแ‰ด แแˆแˆตแแŠ“ แ‰ แŠ แŒญแˆฉ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ… แ‹ญแŒ แ‰€แˆณแˆ። “แˆซแˆตแˆ…แŠ• แŠซแ‹ต- แˆซแˆตแˆ…แŠ• แˆ˜แŠซแ‹ต แ‹ญแŒˆแ‰ฃแˆƒแˆ- Deny yourself, you must deny yourself) แŠ แ‹ŽแŠ• แŒŒแ‰ณ แŠขแ‹จแˆฑแˆต แŠญแˆญแˆตแ‰ถแˆต แ‹จแ‹ฐแˆ˜แ‹ฐแˆ˜แ‹ แАแ‹- แ‹จแˆšแŠจแ‰ฐแˆˆแŠ แ‰ขแŠ–แˆญ แˆซแˆฑแŠ• แ‹ญแŠซแ‹ต- แ‹จแˆšแŠจแ‰ฐแˆˆแŠ แ‰ขแŠ–แˆญ แŒแˆ›แ‹ฐ แˆ˜แˆตแ‰€แˆ‰แŠ• แ‹ญแˆธแŠจแˆ! แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซแŠ• แ‹ซแˆˆ แ‹›แˆฌ แŒฅแˆชแ‹ แ‹ญแŠธ แАแ‹። แ‹จแŒŠแ‹œ แ‹ตแˆแ…!
แŒ แˆ‹แ‰ตแŠ• แˆฒแˆ†แŠ• แŠจแ‹ซแ‹˜แ‹ แˆ˜แˆฃแˆชแ‹ซ แ‰ แ‰ แˆˆแŒ  แ‰ตแŒฅแ‰…- แŠ แˆˆแ‹šแ‹ซแˆ แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆตแ‰ฐแŠซแŠจแˆˆ แˆ˜แˆฃแˆชแ‹ซ- แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆปแˆˆ แ‹ˆแŠ” แˆˆแˆ˜แŒแŒ แˆ แˆ›แˆ˜แŠ•แ‰ณแ‰ต แ‹จแŠ แŒˆแˆญแŠ• แ‹•แ‹ตแˆœแŠ“ แ‹•แ‹ตแˆ แˆ›แ‰ แˆ‹แˆธแ‰ต – แˆ›แˆฐแŠ“แŠจแˆ แАแ‹። แŠจแŠแ‰ต แˆˆแŠแ‰ณแ‰ฝแˆ แ‹ซแˆ›แˆจ แˆธแˆˆแ‰† แ‹จแˆˆแˆ። แŠจแŠแ‰ต แˆˆแŠแ‰ณแ‰ฝแˆ แˆ›แˆˆแŠแ‹ซ แ‹ตแˆแ‹ตแ‹ญ แ‹จแˆˆแˆ። แŠจแ‹šแ‹ซ แˆ›แ‹ถ แŠจแˆšแ‰ณแ‹จแ‹ แ‰ฐแˆซแˆซ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹ˆแŒฅแ‰ฐแˆ… แŠจแŠ แˆแˆ‹แŠญแˆ…แŠ“ แŠจแŠ แŒˆแˆญแˆ… แŒ‹แˆญ แ‰ƒแˆแŠชแ‹ณแŠ• แ‰ตแŒˆแ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ…። แŠจแ‰ฐแˆซแˆซแ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆ†แАแˆ… แŠจแŠ แˆแˆ‹แŠญแˆ… แŒ‹แˆญ แ‰ แ‰…แˆญแ‰ แ‰ต แ‰ตแАแŒ‹แŒˆแˆซแˆˆแˆ…። แŠจแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แŒ‹แˆญ แ‰ แˆ˜แŠ•แˆแˆต แ‰ตแАแŒ‹แŒˆแˆซแˆˆแˆ…። แˆˆแˆ˜แˆžแ‰ต แ‰ฅแ‰ป แˆณแ‹ญแˆ†แŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แŒแ‹ฐแˆแˆ แ‰ƒแˆ แ‰ตแŒˆแ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ…። แŠจแŠ แˆฅแˆญแ‰ฑ แ‰ตแŠฅแ‹›แ‹›แ‰ต แˆตแ‹ตแˆตแ‰ฐแŠ›แ‹แŠ• แˆ˜แŒฃแˆตแˆ… แˆŠแˆฐแˆ›แˆ… แŠ แ‹ญแŒˆแ‰ฃแˆ። แŠจแˆ•แŒ‰ แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‰คแ‰ต แŒ‹แˆญ แ‰ฐแАแŒ‹แŒแˆจแˆƒแˆ።
แ‹ˆแ‹ฐแŠแ‰ต แ‹จแˆ˜แˆตแ‹‹แ‹•แ‰ตแАแ‰ฑแŠ• แ‹ˆแŠ•แŒŒแˆ แ‰ƒแˆ แŠ แˆตแ‹แแ‰ฐแŠ• แŠฅแŠ“แ‰€แˆญแ‰ฃแˆˆแŠ•።

แ‹จแŠฅแˆณแ‰ต แ–แˆˆแ‰ฒแŠซ แ‰ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ (Fire Politics in Ethiopia)


แ‹ญแˆ„แ‹ญแˆต แŠ แŠฅแˆแˆฎ፣ แŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แŠ แ‰ แ‰ฃ
แ‰ แˆƒแ‹ญแˆ›แŠ–แ‰ต แˆ˜แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ“ แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒ‹แ‹ฎแ‰ฝ แ‹™แˆชแ‹ซ แˆฐแˆžแŠ‘แŠ• แŠ แŠ•แ‹ฒแ‰ต แˆ˜แŒฃแŒฅแ แŒฝแŒ แˆˆแ‹ตแˆจ แŒˆแ†แ‰ฝ แˆแŠฌ แАแ‰ แˆญ፡፡ แˆˆแŠ…แˆŠแŠ“แ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ฐแŒˆแ‹ข แ‹จแˆ†แŠ‘ แŠ แ‹ˆแŒกแ‰ต – แŠ แˆตแАแ‰ แ‰กแŠ•፤ แŠฅแŒแ‹šแŠ แ‰ฅแˆ”แˆญ แ‹ญแˆตแŒฃแ‰ธแ‹፡፡ แˆˆแ‰ฃแˆ…แˆแŠ“ แˆˆแ‹ญแˆ‰แŠแ‰ณ แ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆฉแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แŠฅแАแˆฑ แ‰ แˆšแˆแˆแŒ‰แ‰ต แˆ™แ‹šแ‰ƒ แ‰ฅแ‰ป แ‰ณแŠ•แŒŽแŠ“ แˆ›แˆชแŠ•แŒŒ แˆ˜แ‹ฐแАแˆต แ‹จแˆšแˆแˆแŒ‰แ‰ต แ‹ˆแ‹ฐแ‰…แˆญแŒซแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹ แŠจแ‰ฐแ‰ฑแ‰ต – แ‹ญแŠญแ‰ฐแ‰ฑแ‰ต፡፡ แˆแˆ‰แˆ แ‹จแˆ˜แˆฐแˆˆแ‹แŠ• แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แˆ˜แ‰ฅแ‰ต แŠ แˆˆแ‹แŠ“ แ‹ซแАแ‰ แ‰ แˆ แ‹ซแˆตแАแ‰ แ‰ แˆ፣ แ‹ซแˆแАแˆ แ‹ซแˆณแˆแАแˆ แ‹จแŠ…แˆŠแŠ“แ‹ แ‹ณแŠแАแ‰ต แ‹ญแแˆจแ‹ฐแ‹ แŠจแˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‹แŒช แ‰ แ‹šแˆ… แ‰ แ‹แ‹ฅแŠ•แ‰ฅแˆญ แ‹˜แˆ˜แŠ• แˆ˜แ‹ˆแ‰ƒแ‰€แˆฑแˆ แˆ†แА แˆ˜แŠซแˆฐแˆฑ แ‹แ‹ญแ‹ณ แ‹จแˆˆแ‹แˆ፡፡ แŒแŠ• แŒแŠ• แ‹จแŠฅแ‹แАแ‰ต แŠ แˆแˆ‹แŠญ แˆˆแˆแˆ‹แ‰ฝแŠ•แˆ แŠฅแ‹แАแ‰ฐแŠ›แ‹แŠ• แ‹จแˆแ‰ฆแŠ“แŠ“ แ‹จแŠ…แˆŠแŠ“ แˆšแ‹›แŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆฐแŒ แŠ• แŠฅแŒธแˆแ‹ซแˆˆแˆ፡፡ แˆแˆˆแ‰ตแŠ“ แˆแˆˆแ‰ต แˆฒแ‹ฐแˆ˜แˆญ แŠ แˆซแ‰ต แ‰ฅแ‰ป แ‹จแˆšแˆ†แŠ•แ‰ แ‰ต แˆƒแ‰€แŠ› แ‹˜แˆ˜แŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ˜แŒฃแˆแŠ•แˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ፡፡ แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆจแˆ แ‹จแˆแŒ†แ‰ผ แˆแŒ†แ‰ฝ “Mother stomach is ranger.” แˆฒแˆ‰ แŠฅแˆฐแˆ›แˆˆแˆแŠ“ แ‰ แ‹šแ‹ซ “แˆœแŒ€แˆญ” แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰ƒแŠ˜ แ‹จแ‰…แˆฌแ‰ณ แ‹˜แˆแŠ”แŠ• แŒ‹แ‰ฅแ‹ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ แŒˆแ‹ขแ‹Žแ‰ปแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠ แАแŒ‹แŒˆแˆญ แŠ•แ‰…แ‹ตแˆšแ‰ต แŠฅแˆ‹แˆˆแˆ፤ แˆ•แ‹ญแ‹ˆแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ… แŠ“แ‰ตแŠ“፡፡This is the third time Harar experienced a deadly fire.
แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แ‹จแ‰ฅแ‹•แˆญ แ‹ˆแ‹ณแŒ„ แ‹ซแ‰บแŠ• แˆ˜แŒฃแŒฅแ แŠซแАแ‰ แ‰  แ‰ แŠ‹แˆ‹ แ‰ แАแŠซ แŠฅแŒ„ แ‰ แ‹šแˆ…แ‰ฝ แ‹ˆแ‹ซแŠ”แ‹ซแ‹Š แ‹จแŠฅแˆณแ‰ต แ–แˆˆแ‰ฒแŠซ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŒฅแ‰‚แ‰ต แАแŒˆแˆญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ตแˆ แŠ แˆณแˆฐแ‰ แŠ፡፡ แˆญแ‹•แˆฒแ‰ฑแŠ•แˆ แ‹จแˆฐแŒ แŠ แŠฅแˆญแˆฑ แˆซแˆฑ แАแ‹ – Please take the credit dear Mr. Thingummy, wherever you may be.
แˆ€แŒˆแˆซแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆแŠซแ‰ฝ แ‹ซแŒฃ แ‹จแˆ•แ‹แ‰ฅ แ‰ฅแ‹›แ‰ต แ‰ฅแ‰ป แˆฃแ‹ญแˆ†แŠ• แŒญแŠ•แ‰…แ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹žแˆฉ แŠฅแŒ…แŒ แ‰ แˆญแŠซแ‰ณ แ‰ฝแŒแˆฎแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆšแˆญแˆ˜แˆฐแˆ˜แˆฑแ‰ฃแ‰ต แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ— แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ขแŠ• แˆ‹แˆˆแˆ›แˆตแ‰ธแŒˆแˆญ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‰ฅแ‹™ แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ข แ‹จแˆˆแˆ แ‰ แˆšแˆ แ‰ฐแˆตแ‹ แˆ˜แ‰แˆจแŒฅ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ “แŠ แ‹ตแˆ›แŒญแŠ“ แ‹จแŠฅแˆญแˆแ‰ต แŠฅแˆญแˆแŒƒ แ‹ˆแˆณแŒ… แŠƒแˆ‹แŠแАแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแˆฐแˆ›แ‹ แŒคแŠ“แˆ› แ‹ˆแŒˆแŠ• แ‰ แˆŒแˆˆแ‰ แ‰ต แ‹จแŠณแˆต แŠ แ‰ แ‹ฐแ‰ฝ แˆ€แŒˆแˆซแ‹Š แˆแˆตแ‰…แˆแ‰…แˆ แˆแŠ”แ‰ณ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‰ฐแАแ‰ฆแˆต แˆแŠ• แ‹แ‹ญแ‹ณ แˆŠแ‹ซแˆ˜แŒฃ?” แŠจแˆšแˆ แ‰ฅแˆถแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแАแˆฃ แˆ†แŠ• แ‰ฅแˆˆแŠ• แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹แАแ‹ แŠฅแŠ•แŒ‚ แˆ˜แŒปแ แ‹จแˆแŠ•แˆแˆแŒ แ‹œแŒŽแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆแŠ•แŒฝแˆแ‰ แ‰ต แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‹ญ แ‰ แˆฝแ‰ แˆฝ แАแ‹፤ แ‰ แ‰ แŠฉแˆŒ แŠ แ‹ตแˆ›แŒญ แ‰ขแŠ–แˆญ แˆƒแ‹ซ แŠ แˆซแ‰ต แˆฐแ‹“แ‰ต แ‰ฅแŒฝแ แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ญแ‹ฐแŠญแˆ˜แŠแŠ“ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแŒฝแ แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‹ญแˆ แˆžแˆแ‰ถ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆจแˆ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แŠ• แ‹จแˆแŒˆแˆแŒธแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแแŠ‘แŠแŠ• แ‹ตแˆจ แŒˆแ†แ‰ฝ แ‹ฐแˆต แŠ แ‹ญแ‰ แˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ แˆšแˆ แ‹จแˆ˜แŠจแ‹แ‰ต แˆตแˆœแ‰ต แˆณแ‹ญแˆ†แŠ• แ‰ฐแŠ“แŒแˆจแŠ• แŠ แ‹ตแˆ›แŒญ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ˜แŠ–แˆฉ แˆณแ‰ขแ‹ซ แ‰ แŠฅแŒ…แŒ‰ แ‹จแˆแ‰†แˆจแ‰†แˆญ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ”แŠ• แ‰ แˆšแŒ แ‰แˆ แ‹จแ‰แŒญแ‰ต แˆตแˆœแ‰ต แАแ‹፡፡ แ‹จแ‹ˆแ‹ซแŠ”แ‹ แ‹จแ‹˜แˆจแŠแАแ‰ต แŠ แ‰ฃแ‹œ แŠซแˆตแŠจแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‰ฅแŠ• แ‰ฐแАแŒแˆฎ แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ซแˆแ‰… แˆฐแ‰†แ‰ƒแŠ“ แ‹จแŒแ แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ณแ‹ฐแˆญ แŒ€แˆแˆฎ แŠฅแАแˆšแˆš แˆตแ‰ฅแˆƒแ‰ฑแŠ• แ‹จแˆ˜แˆณแˆฐแˆ‰ แ‹จแˆฅแˆญแ‹“แ‰ฑ แ‹˜แ‹แŒ‹แ‹Š แŠ แ‰ฃแˆ‹แ‰ตแŠ“ แŠฅแ‰ แˆ‹ แ‰ฃแ‹ญ แˆ†แ‹ณแˆ แ‹ฐแŒ‹แŠแ‹Žแ‰ปแ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ฃแ‰‹แ‰‹แˆŸแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแˆ แˆซแ‰ฐแŠ› แŠ แˆตแ‰€แŒฃแˆช แ‹ตแˆญแŒ…แ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŠ แˆ›แŠซแ‹ญแАแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแŠซแˆ„แ‹ฐแ‹แŠ• แ‹˜แˆ˜แŠ“แ‹Š แ‰ฃแˆญแАแ‰ต แ‰ฅแŠ•แˆ˜แˆˆแŠจแ‰ต แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ แŒฝแˆ‘แแˆ แˆ†แА แ‰ แ‰ƒแˆ แ‰ฐแ‹˜แˆญแ‹แˆฎ แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ซแˆแ‰… แŠ แˆตแŒˆแˆซแˆš แแŒกแˆซแŠ• แˆ†แАแŠ“แˆ – แŠฅแŠ› “แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซแ‹แ‹ซแŠ•”፡፡ แ‰ดแ‹ฒ แŠ แแˆฎ “แŠฅแ‹šแˆ… แŒ‹’แˆ แŠฅแˆณแ‰ต፣ แŠฅแ‹šแ‹ซ แŒ‹’แˆ แŠฅแˆณแ‰ต፣ แŠฅแˆณแ‰ต፣ แŠฅแˆณแ‰ต፣แŠฅแˆณแ‰ต…” แˆฒแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแ‰€แАแ‰€แАแ‹ แˆ€แŒˆแˆซแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹ˆแ‹ซแŠ”แ‹ซแ‹Š แŠฅแ‰ถแŠ• แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ฐแŒฅแ‹ณ แ‰ แ‹จแŠ แ‰…แŒฃแŒซแ‹ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแ‰ฃแ‰„แˆ‹ แŠ แˆนแ‰… แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแŠ•แŒˆแˆจแŒˆแ‰ แ‰ฝ แŠ“แ‰ต፡፡ แ–แˆˆแ‰ฒแŠซแ‹ แŠฅแˆณแ‰ต፣ แˆƒแ‹ญแˆ›แŠ–แ‰ฑ แŠฅแˆณแ‰ต፣ แŒแ‹ดแˆซแˆ‰ แŠฅแˆณแ‰ต፣ แ–แˆŠแˆฑ แŠฅแˆณแ‰ต፣ แ‰€แŠ‘แŠ“ แˆฃแˆแŠ•แ‰ฑ แŠฅแˆณแ‰ต፣ แ‹ˆแˆฉแŠ“ แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ฑ แŠฅแˆณแ‰ต፣ แŠ‘แˆฎแ‹ แŠฅแˆณแ‰ต፣ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆฅแˆแŒฃแŠ“แ‰ฑ แŠฅแˆณแ‰ต፣ แАแŒ‹แ‹ดแ‹ แŠฅแˆณแ‰ต፣ แ‹ณแŠ›แ‹ แŠฅแˆณแ‰ต፣ แ‰ แˆฝแ‰ณแ‹ แŠฅแˆณแ‰ต፣ แˆญแˆ€แ‰ก แŠฅแˆณแ‰ต፣…፡፡ แˆแˆ‰แˆ แ‰ แŠฅแˆณแ‰ต แŠ แˆˆแŠ•แŒ‹ แ‹ญแŒ‹แˆจแ‹แˆ፤ แ‹ญแŒ แ‰ฅแˆณแˆ፤ แ‹ญแˆธแАแ‰แŒฃแˆ፤ แ‹จแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ตแˆจแˆต? แ‹จแ‰ตแˆต แŠฅแŠ•แŒแ‰ฃ? แŠจแАแ‹šแˆ… แŠจแˆฒแ‹–แˆ แŠซแˆ˜แˆˆแŒก แˆฝแแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ณแ‹ฐแŒˆแŠ• แˆ›แŠ• แАแ‹? แŠ แˆแˆ‹แŠจ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แ‹ˆแ‹ดแ‰ต แŠ แˆˆ? แŠคแˆŽแˆ„! แŠคแˆŽแˆ„! แŠคแˆŽแˆแˆ!  แ‰ แ‹šแˆ… แˆ˜แŠจแˆซแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ‹แ‹ญ แАแ‹ แŠฅแŠ•แŒแ‹ฒแˆ… แ‹ˆแ‹ซแŠ” แ‰ แˆแˆจแˆญแˆ แ‰ แŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แŠ แ‰ แ‰ฃแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแ‹šแ‹ซแ‰ฝ แ‰ฐแ‹˜แ‹แ‰ตแˆซ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแАแŒˆแˆญแˆ‹แ‰ตแŠ“ “แŠฅแ‹šแˆ… แŠ แŠซแ‰ฃแ‰ข แŠฅแˆณแ‰ต แ‹ญแАแˆณแˆ แ‰ฅแ‹ซแˆˆแˆ” แ‰ฅแˆ‹ แ‰ฃแˆตแŒ แАแ‰€แ‰€แ‰ฝ แˆ›แŒแˆตแ‰ต แˆซแˆท แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆแ‰ตแˆˆแŠฉแˆฐแ‹ แ‹จแ‹ฐแˆดแ‹‹ แ‹•แ‰ฅแ‹ต แˆดแ‰ต แ‰ แˆนแˆแ‰ฃแˆพแ‰น แŠ แˆ›แŠซแ‹ญแАแ‰ต แ‰ แˆšแˆแˆแŒ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ฆแ‰ณแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠฅแˆณแ‰ต แŠฅแ‹จแˆˆแŠฎแˆฐ፣ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแ‹ญแŒ แ‹แˆ แŠจแˆแŠซแ‹ญ แ‹˜แ‰ฅ แŠฅแ‹ซแ‰†แˆ˜ แ‰ แˆ€แŒˆแˆญ แˆ€แ‰ฅแ‰ตแŠ“ แ‰ แˆ•แ‹แ‰ฅ แ‹•แŠ•แ‰ฃ แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹แŠ“แŠ“ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแŠ˜แ‹፡፡ แˆˆแˆ›แŠ•แŠ›แ‹แˆ แŠ แˆตแ‰ณแ‹‹แˆผแŠ• แˆ‹แˆ˜แˆตแŒแŠ•แŠ“ แ‰ แŒ แ‰†แˆ˜แŠ แˆƒแˆณแ‰ฅ แ‹™แˆชแ‹ซ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแˆ˜แŒฃแ‰ฅแŠ แ‰ตแŠ•แˆฝ แˆแ‰ฅแŠจแŠ•แŠจแŠ•፡፡  แŠฅแ‹แАแ‰ตแŠ• แˆ‹แˆˆแˆ›แ‹จแ‰ต แ‹แ‹ญแА แŠ…แˆŠแŠ“แ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแ‰ณแ‹ˆแˆจ፣  แŠฅแ‹แАแ‰ตแŠ• แˆ‹แˆˆแˆ˜แˆตแˆ›แ‰ต แ‹•แ‹แА แˆแ‰ฆแŠ“แ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹ฐแˆแА፣ แŠ แŠฅแˆแˆฏแ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ แ€แˆจ-แˆˆแ‹แŒฅ แ‰ซแ‹ญแˆจแˆต แˆˆแˆแ‹แˆต แ‰ฃแˆตแ‰ธแŒˆแˆจ แˆแŠ”แ‰ณ  “corrupted” แˆˆแˆ†แА แ‹จ“แˆšแ‹ฒแ‹ซ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ”แˆ แ‹จแ‰ฎแˆแ‰ดแˆญแŠ• แŠ แ‰ฃแ‰ฃแˆ แ‰ฃแˆตแ‰ณแ‹แˆณแ‰ธแ‹ แ‰…แˆญ แŠ แ‹ญแˆˆแŠแˆ – แ‰ฎแˆแ‰ดแˆญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ… แŠ แˆˆ แŠ แˆ‰፡- “แ‰ แˆแ‰ตแŠ“แŒˆแˆจแ‹ แˆแˆ‰ แ‰ฃแˆแˆตแˆ›แˆ›แˆ แˆ˜แŠ“แŒˆแˆญ แ‹จแˆแ‰ตแˆแˆแŒˆแ‹แŠ• แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‹ญ แ‰ แАแƒแАแ‰ต แˆ˜แŠ“แŒˆแˆญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ตแ‰ตแ‰ฝแˆ แŒแŠ• แˆ•แ‹ญแ‹ˆแ‰ดแŠ•แˆ แ‰ขแˆ†แŠ• แŠฅแŒˆแ‰ฅแˆญแˆแˆƒแˆˆแˆ!” แŠ แ‹ญ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ! แ‰ แˆแˆ‰แˆ แ‹ตแˆƒ፡፡ แŒแŠ• แ‰ฐแˆตแ‹ แŠ แˆˆแŠ – แ‰ตแˆแ‰… แ‰ฐแˆตแ‹፡- แ‹ˆแ‹ฐแŠแ‰ต แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แ‰€แŠ• แ‹ญแˆ… แˆแˆ‰ แ‹ตแŠ•แ‰แˆญแŠ“แ‰ฝแŠ•แŠ“ แŠจแŠ•แ‰ฑ แ‰ตแˆแŠญแˆ…แ‰ณแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแŒคแ‹› แˆฒแˆจแŒแแˆแŠ• แˆฐแ‹ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆแŠ•แˆ†แŠ•፡፡
แ‰ แ‹“แˆˆแˆ›แ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแ–แˆˆแ‰ฒแŠซ แ‹“แ‹ญแАแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‰ฅแ‹™ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹ แŠจแŠ“แŠ•แ‰ฐ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆ แ‹ˆแˆจ แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆ፡፡ แ‹จแ‹ตแŠ•แ‰ แˆญ แ–แˆˆแ‰ฒแŠซ፣ แ‹จแ‹แŠƒ แ–แˆˆแ‰ฒแŠซ፣ แ‹จแ‹˜แˆญ แ–แˆˆแ‰ฒแŠซ፣ แ‹จแ‹˜แ‹แŒ แ–แˆˆแ‰ฒแŠซ፣ แ‹จแ‹แŒญ แ‰ฅแ‹ตแˆญแŠ“ แ‹•แˆญแ‹ณแ‰ณ แ–แˆˆแ‰ฒแŠซ፣ แ‹จแˆ€แŒˆแˆญ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแ‹ตแˆญแ‰… แŒŠแ‹œแŠ“ แ‹จแˆญแˆ€แ‰ฅ แ‹ˆแ‰…แ‰ต แ‹•แˆญแ‹ณแ‰ณ แ–แˆˆแ‰ฒแŠซ፣ แ‹จแˆƒแ‹ญแˆ›แŠ–แ‰ต แ–แˆˆแ‰ฒแŠซ፣ … แ‹แˆญแ‹แˆฉ แ‰ฅแ‹™แŠ“ แŠชแˆตแŠ• แˆณแ‹ญแˆ†แŠ• แŠ แŠ•แŒŽแˆแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‰€แ‹ต แАแ‹፡፡ แ‹ˆแ‹ซแŠ” แ‰ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹ซแˆแˆžแŠจแˆจแ‹ แ‹จแ–แˆˆแ‰ฒแŠซ แ‹“แ‹ญแАแ‰ต แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‹จแˆˆแˆ፡፡ แŠฅแˆญแŒแŒฅ แАแ‹ แ‹ˆแ‹ซแŠ” แ‰ฅแ‰ปแ‹แŠ• แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆ፡፡ แ‹ญแˆ… แ‰€แˆจแˆฝ แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ญแ‰ฃแˆ แˆแˆˆแŠ•แ‰ฐแŠ“แ‹Š แ‹ตแŒ‹แ แˆˆแ‹ˆแ‹ซแŠ”แ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แŒˆแ แŠฅแ‹จแˆฐแŒก แ‰ 17 แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ณแ‰ต แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแˆฐแ‹ แŠƒแ‹ญแˆ‰แŠ• แŠจแˆฐแ‰ฃแ‰ต แˆฐแ‹แАแ‰ต แ‹ˆแ‹ฐแˆšแˆŠแ‹ฎแŠ•แАแ‰ต แ‰ แˆ›แˆณแ‹ฐแŒ แ€แˆจ-แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แŠ แ‰‹แˆ›แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‰ แ‰ฐแŒแ‰ฃแˆญ แ‹จแŒˆแˆˆแŒกแ‰ต แ‹จแ‹แŒญ แŒ แˆ‹แ‰ถแ‰ปแ‰ฝแŠ•แˆ แ‰ แ‹šแˆ… แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซแŠ• แ‹ˆแ‹ฐแ–แˆˆแ‰ฒแŠซแ‹Š แ‰คแ‰ฐ แˆ™แŠจแˆซแАแ‰ต แ‹จแˆ˜แˆˆแ‹ˆแŒก แˆ‚แ‹ฐแ‰ต แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹ซแˆณแ‹ฉแ‰ต แŒ‰แˆแˆ… แ‰ฐแˆณแ‰ตแŽแˆ แˆˆแŠ แแ‰ณ แ‹จแˆšแ‹˜แАแŒ‹ แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆ፡፡ แŠจแ‹“แˆˆแˆ แˆ•แ‹แ‰ฆแ‰ฝ แˆ˜แŠซแŠจแˆ แŠฅแŠ› แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซแ‹แ‹ซแŠ• แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹ซแˆแ‰ฐแˆแ‰ฐแˆธ แ–แˆˆแ‰ฒแŠซแ‹Š แˆ˜แˆญแ‹ แ‹จแˆˆแˆ፡፡ แ‰ฃแŒญแˆฉ แ‹จแ‹ˆแ‹ซแŠ” แ‰ฅแ‰ป แˆฃแ‹ญแˆ†แŠ• แ‹จแˆแˆจแŠ•แŒ†แ‰นแˆ guinea pig แˆ†แАแŠ• แ‹จแ‰€แˆจแŠ• แ‰ฅแ‰ธแŠ› แˆ˜แ‹˜แ‰ฃแ‰ แ‰ป แ‹œแŒŽแ‰ฝ แ‰ฅแŠ•แŠ–แˆญ แŠฅแŠ› แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซแ‹แ‹ซแŠ• แАแŠ•፡፡ แŠฅแˆญแŒแŒฅ แАแ‹ แŠฅแАแŠขแˆซแ‰…แŠ•แŠ“ แŠ แแŒ‹แŠ’แˆตแ‰ณแŠ•แŠ• แ‰ฅแŠ•แˆจแˆณ แŠ แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ฅ แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆ – แŠฅแŠ›แŠ• แŠฅแ‹จแŒˆแˆจแˆแŠ• แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹ แ‹จแŠƒแ‹ซแˆ‹แŠ‘ แ‹จแŠฅแˆณแ‰ต แ‹ˆแˆ‹แˆแŠ• แŠฅแАแˆฑแŠ•แˆ แŠฅแ‹จแŒ แ‰ แˆฐ แАแ‹แŠ“፡፡ “แŠ แˆแˆ›แˆŠแŠช แ‰กแˆฝ፣ แŠซแˆญแ‹›แ‹ญ แ‰กแˆฝแŠ“ แˆ˜แˆˆแˆต แ‰กแˆฝ แŠฅแ‹ซแˆ‰ แˆƒแ‰€แŠ› แˆฐแˆ‹แˆ แŠ แ‹ญแŠ–แˆญแˆ፡፡”
แ‹ˆแ‹ซแŠ” แ‰ฐแŒแ‰ฃแˆญ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠซแ‹‹แˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แˆ•แ‹แ‰ฅแŠ• แ‹จแˆ›แˆฐแ‰ƒแ‹ซแŠ“ แˆ€แŒˆแˆญแŠ• แ‹จแˆ›แ‹แ‹ฐแˆšแ‹ซ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ถแ‰ฝ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ฐแŠ›แ‹ แŠฅแˆณแ‰ต แАแ‹፡፡ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ… แ‹จแˆแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ แ‹ˆแ‹ณแŒ„ แŠ แˆแŠ• แˆตแˆ‹แˆตแ‰ณแ‹ˆแˆฐแŠ แ‰ฅแ‰ป แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแ‹ญแˆ˜แˆตแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ፡፡ แŠจแŒฅแŠ•แ‰ตแˆ แ‰ แˆšแŒˆแ‰ฃ แŠ แ‹แ‰€แ‹‹แˆˆแˆ፡፡ แˆˆแАแŒˆแˆฉ แŒจแŠซแŠแŠ“ แŠ แˆแ‰ฃแŒˆแАแŠ• แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆฅแ‰ณแ‰ต แˆˆแ‹“แˆ‹แˆ›แ‰ธแ‹ แˆตแŠฌแ‰ต แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒ‰แ‰ต แАแŒˆแˆญ แ‹จแˆˆแˆ፡፡ แ‹ฐแˆญแŒแˆ แ‰ แ‰ฐแ‹ˆแˆฐแА แ‹ฐแˆจแŒƒ แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ• แ‹จแŠฅแˆณแ‰ต แ–แˆˆแ‰ฒแŠซ แ‹ญแŒ แ‰€แˆแ‰ แ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแАแ‰ แˆญ แ‰ แŒŠแ‹œแ‹ แˆฐแˆแ‰ปแˆˆแˆ፡፡ แˆžแŠ™ แ‹ฐแˆญแŒ แŠฅแˆณแ‰ตแŠ• แ‹ญแŒ แ‰€แˆแ‰ แ‰ต แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆจแ‹ แŠฎแŠ•แ‰ตแˆฎแ‰ฃแŠ•แ‹ตแŠ• แŠจแˆ˜แ‰†แŒฃแŒ แˆญ แŠ แŠ•แŒปแˆญแŠ“ แ‰ แŒฃแˆ แ‰ แŒฅแŠ•แ‰ƒแ‰„ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแАแ‰ แˆญ แ‰ แ‹ˆแ‰…แ‰ฑ แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆฉ แŠ แˆแŠ• แ‹ตแˆจแˆต แ‹ซแˆตแ‰ณแ‹แˆณแˆ‰፡፡ แ‹จแ‹ˆแ‹ซแŠ” แŒแŠ• แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ฌ แАแ‹፡፡
แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ แˆจแ‰ฑ แ‹ˆแ‹ซแŠ” แˆแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆ†แА แˆ˜แŠ“แŒˆแˆญ แ‹จแ‹แ‹‹แŒแŠ• แ‰ แŒ†แˆฎ แАแ‹፡፡ แ‹ญแˆแŠ•แŠ“ แ‹ˆแ‹ซแŠ”แ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แ‰ฐแŒฃแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแ‰ตแ‹แˆแ‹ต แˆ˜แˆญแŒˆแˆแ‰ต แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ตแˆ แ‹ญแˆแŠ• แ‰ แˆŒแˆ‹ แŠจแˆ†แ‹ณแ‰ธแ‹แŠ“ แ‹ซแˆปแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ แˆฉ แŠจแˆšแŒ แ‰…แˆ›แ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแŒจแ‰ แŒกแ‰ต แˆฅแˆแŒฃแŠ• แ‰ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‰€แˆญ แ‹จแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซแ‹ŠแАแ‰ต แˆตแˆœแ‰ต แ‰ แŒญแˆซแˆฝ แ‹จแˆŒแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹፣ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแ‹ซแ‹แˆ แŠจแ‹ซแ‹™แ‰ต แŒฅแ‰…แˆแŠ“ แˆฅแˆแŒฃแŠ• แ‹ซแˆตแ‹ˆแŒแ‹ฐแŠ“แˆ แ‰ฅแˆˆแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแˆแˆฉแ‰ต แ‰ แ‰€แŠ• แˆฐแˆ˜แˆ˜แŠ•แŠ“ แ‰ แˆŒแ‰ต แ‰…แ‹ แ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‰ฃแ‰ตแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซแ‹ŠแАแ‰ต แˆตแˆœแ‰ต แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซแ‹Š แАแŠ แ‹จแˆšแˆแŠ• แ‹œแŒ‹ แˆแˆ‰ แ‰ แ‹จแˆ„แ‹ฐแ‰ แ‰ต แŠฅแ‹ซแˆณแ‹ฐแ‹ฑแŠ“ แŠฅแ‹จแŒˆแ‹ฐแˆ‰ แ‰ แ‹ฐแˆ แ‰ฃแˆ•แˆญ แŠฅแ‹จแ‹‹แŠ™ แ‹จแˆšแŠ–แˆฉ፣ แŒฅแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹แŠ•แˆ แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ซแˆแŠ‘ แ‹จแŠจแ‰ฐแˆ› แ‹ˆแˆฎแ‰ แˆŽแ‰ฝ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แŠฅแ‹šแˆ…แˆ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ แ‹ตแŒ‹แˆš แˆ›แˆตแ‰ณแ‹ˆแˆฑ แ‰ แŠ แˆฐแˆแ‰ฝแАแ‰ต แˆŠแ‹ซแˆตแ‹ˆแ‰…แˆต แŠ แ‹ญแŒˆแ‰ฃแˆ፡፡ แŠฅแŠ“แˆ แŠ แˆตแ‰ณแ‹แˆฑ – แ‹ˆแ‹ซแŠ” แ‹จแ‹œแŒŽแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแˆ‹แ‰ฅ แ‹แŒคแ‰ต แ‹จแˆ†แА แˆ€แ‰ฅแ‰ตแŠ“ แŠ•แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แˆ›แ‰ƒแŒ แˆ แ‰ฅแ‰ปแˆ แˆฃแ‹ญแˆ†แŠ• แˆ•แ‹แ‰ฅแŠ• แ‰ แˆ แˆแ แŠฎแˆแŠฉแˆŽ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆ‚แ‰ตแˆˆแˆญ แ‹จแŠฆแˆฝแ‰ตแ‹Šแ‹ แ‰ปแˆแ‰ แˆญ แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ญแˆแˆแŒ‹แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‰ แŒ‹แ‹ แŠฅแ‹จแˆˆแ‰ แˆˆแ‰  แ‰ขแˆแŒƒแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแˆฐแ‹ญแŒฃแŠ“แ‹Š แ‰ฐแˆแŒฅแˆฎแ‹ แ‹จแˆžแˆซแˆ แˆแˆฐแˆถ แŠญแ‹แ‰ตแŠ“ แŒฅแ‹แ‰ต แАแ‹แŠ“ แ‹ฐแˆตแ‰ณแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแŒˆแŠแˆˆแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แŒ‚ แˆฐแ‰ฅแŠฃแ‹ŠแАแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแˆฐแˆ›แ‹ แˆฉแˆ…แˆฉแˆ… แแŒกแˆญ แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆ፡፡ แˆฐแ‰ฅแŠฃแ‹ŠแАแ‰ตแŠ“ แ‹ˆแ‹ซแŠ” แ‹แ‹ญแŠ•แŠ“ แŠ“แŒซ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹፡፡
แ‹ˆแ‹ซแŠ”แ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแŒˆแ‰ก แˆฐแˆžแŠ• แ‹จแˆแŠ•แˆฐแˆ›แ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ฅแ‹™ แ‹จแŠฅแˆณแ‰ต แŠ แ‹ฐแŒ‹แ‹Žแ‰ฝ แАแ‰ แˆฉ፡፡ แŠฅแАแ‹šแ‹ซ แŠฅแˆณแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆฐแˆžแАแŠžแ‰น แ‹จแˆ•แ‹แ‰ฅแŠ• แŠ แŠ•แŒกแˆซ แˆ€แ‰ฅแ‰ตแŠ“ แŒˆแŠ•แ‹˜แ‰ฅ แˆˆแˆ›แ‰ƒแŒ แˆ แ‹จแ‰ณแˆˆแˆ™ แˆฃแ‹ญแˆ†แŠ‘ แŒซแŠซแŠ“ แ‹ฐแŠ• แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ซแ‹แ‰แ‰ต แˆ˜แ‹ฐแ‹ดแ‹Žแ‰น แ‹ˆแ‹ซแŠ”แ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹ฐแ‰กแ‰ฅ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซแŠ•แˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆฐแˆœแŠ‘ แ‹จแˆ€แŒˆแˆซแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠญแแˆ แˆˆแˆ›แˆซแ‰†แ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ณแ‰€แ‹ฑ แ‹ฐแŠ–แ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแˆ›แ‰ƒแŒ แˆ แ‹ˆแ‹ซแŠ”แ‹ซแ‹Š แ‹จแŠญแ‰ฐแ‰ต แ‹˜แˆ˜แ‰ปแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แАแ‰ แˆฉ፡፡ แ‰ แˆญแŠซแ‰ณ แ‹จแ‹ฐแ‰กแ‰ฅแŠ“ แ‹จแŠฆแˆฎแˆž แ‰ฅแˆ”แˆญ แˆ˜แŠ–แˆชแ‹ซ แŠ แŠซแ‰ฃแ‰ขแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แАแ‹šแ‹ซ แ‹ˆแ‹ซแŠ” แ‰ แ‰€แˆฐแ‰€แˆณแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแˆฐแ‹ฐแ‹ต แŠฅแˆณแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‰ฐแ‰ƒแŒฅแˆˆแ‹‹แˆ – แŠ แŠ•แŒ€แ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹ แˆˆแ‰ฐแˆแŒฅแˆฎแˆ แ‹จแˆšแŒจแŠญแŠ• แŠ แˆจแˆ˜แŠ”แ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹፡፡ แ‰ แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ตแАแ‰ต แˆฒแ‰€แˆญแ‰ฅ แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆจแ‹ แŒแŠ• แ‹จแŠฆแАแŒแŠ• แˆธแˆ›แ‰‚แ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠจแˆแŠ•แŒซแ‰ธแ‹ แˆˆแˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแ‰…แŠ“ แˆ˜แ‹ฐแ‰ แ‰‚แ‹ซ แ‰ฆแ‰ณ แˆˆแˆ›แˆณแŒฃแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแˆ แАแ‰ แˆญ፡፡ แ‰ตแŒแˆซแ‹ญ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹ˆแ‹ซแŠ”แŠ• แˆŠแ‹ฐแ‰ฅแ‰… แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฝแˆ แ‹‹แˆป แŠซแˆแˆ†แА แ‰ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‰€แˆญ แ‹ฐแŠ•แŠ“ แŒซแŠซ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแˆแАแ‰ แˆจ แ‹ญแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰ƒแˆ፡፡ แˆ†แŠ–แˆ แŒแŠ• แŒซแŠซ แ‰ขแŠ–แˆญ แŠ–แˆฎ แ‹ˆแ‹ซแŠ”แŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แŒฅแ‹แ‰ต แ‰ แˆšแˆ แˆฐแ‰ แ‰ฅ แ‹จแ‹ฐแˆญแŒ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆฅแ‰ต แАแ‹ณแŒ… แ‰ แ‰ฆแ‰ด แˆ˜แŠชแŠ“แ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŒซแŠซ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แŠฅแ‹จแ‹ฐแ‹ แ‰ แŠ แ‰ฅแˆช แŒฅแ‹ญแ‰ตแˆ แ‰ แŠ แˆปแŒ‹แˆช แŠฅแ‹จแˆˆแŠฎแˆฐ แˆ€แŒˆแˆญ แˆˆแˆ›แ‰ƒแŒ แˆ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‰ แ‰ƒแ‹ แ‹จแˆžแˆซแˆ แ‹ตแ‰€แ‰ต แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแˆแАแ‰ แˆจ แ‹ซแŠ•แŒ€แ‰ดแŠ• แŠฅแˆ˜แˆฐแŠญแˆซแˆˆแˆ – แˆฐแ‹ แŠซแˆแˆžแ‰ฐ แˆšแˆตแ‰ตแˆ แŠซแˆแ‰ฐแˆแ‰ณแ‰ฝ แ‹ˆแ‹ญ แŠซแˆแˆžแ‰ฐแ‰ฝ แŠ แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆฐแŒˆแŠ‘แˆ แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‹ตแˆ›แˆˆแˆ፡፡ แ‹ฐแˆญแŒ แ‹œแŒŽแ‰ฝแŠ•แŠ“ แˆ€แŒˆแˆญแŠ• แ‰ แŠฅแˆณแ‰ต แŠ แ‹ญแ‰€แŒฃแˆ፤ แ‹ฐแˆญแŒ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซแ‹Š แŒจแŠซแŠ แŠฅแŠ•แŒ‚ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแ‹ˆแ‹ซแŠ” แ‹ˆแแ‹˜แˆซแˆฝ แ‹จแ‰ฃแŠ•แ‹ณ แ‹แˆ‹แŒ… แŠ แˆแАแ‰ แˆจแˆ፡፡ แŠฅแˆณแ‰ต แ‰ฃแˆˆแŒŒ แАแ‹፡፡ แŠฅแˆณแ‰ต แŠฅแŒ…แŒ แˆ˜แŒฅแŽ แАแ‹፡፡ แˆแˆ•แˆจแ‰ตแŠ• แŠ แ‹ซแ‹แ‰…แˆ፡፡ แŠฅแŠ•แŠณแŠ•แˆต แ‹œแŒ‹แˆ…แŠ• แŒ แˆ‹แ‰ตแˆ…แŠ•แˆ แ‰ขแˆ†แŠ• แ‰ แŠ แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ก แ‹แŒ‹แ‹ แŠฅแŠ•แŒ‚፣ แ‰ แŠ แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ก แ‰…แŒฃแ‹ แŠฅแŠ•แŒ‚ แŠข-แˆฐแ‰ฅแŠฃแ‹Š แ‰ แˆ†แА แˆแŠ”แ‰ณ แ‰ แŠฅแˆณแ‰ต แŠ แ‰ตแŒˆแˆญแˆแ‹แˆ፡፡ แŠฅแАแˆ‚แ‰ตแˆˆแˆญแŠ“ แˆ™แˆถแˆŠแŠ’ แŠฅแŠ•แŠณแŠ•แˆต แ‹œแŒŽแ‰ปแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แŒ แˆ‹แ‰ถแ‰ปแ‰ธแ‹แŠ•แˆ แ‰ขแˆ†แŠ• แ‰ แˆฐแ‹ฐแ‹ต แŠฅแˆณแ‰ต แŠ แˆแ‰€แŒกแˆ፤ แ‰ แŠฅแˆณแ‰ต แˆ˜แ‰…แŒฃแ‰ต แ‹จแŒ€แŒแŠ“ แˆ™แ‹ซ แˆณแ‹ญแˆ†แŠ• แ‹จแˆแˆช แ‹ฑแˆ‹ แАแ‹፡፡ แ‹ˆแ‹ซแŠ” แŒแŠ• แŠจแ‹จแ‰ตแŠ›แ‹ แ‹จแŒ€แˆƒแАแ‰ฅ แˆฐแˆ›แ‹ญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแ‹ˆแˆจแ‹ฐแ‰ฅแŠ• แŠ แ‹ญแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰…แˆ แ‹ญแˆ„แ‹แŠ“ แŒซแŠซแŠ“ แ‹ฐแŠ•แŠ• แŠจแˆ›แ‰ƒแŒ แˆ แŠ แˆแŽ แ‹จแˆแˆฅแŠชแŠ• แ‹œแŒŽแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰คแ‰ตแŠ“ แŠ•แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแˆปแ‹ แ‰ แˆšแ‹ซแ‹›แ‰ธแ‹ แŠ…แˆŠแŠ“แ‰ขแˆต แŒ€แˆŒแ‹Žแ‰น แŠฅแ‹ซแ‰ƒแŒ แˆˆ แ‹ญแŒˆแŠ›แˆ፡፡ แ‹ˆแ‹ซแŠ” แŠฅแŠฎ แ‰ แŠฅแˆณแ‰ตแˆ แ‰ฅแ‰ป แˆณแ‹ญแˆ†แŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแ‰ฐแˆซ แ‰ฐแŠ•แŠฎแˆˆแŠ› แ‹œแŒ‹ แˆแŒแ‰ฅแŠ•แŠ“ แˆ˜แŒ แŒฅแŠ• แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ˜แˆจแ‹แŠ“ แ‹จแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰€ แŒ แŠ•แ‰‹แ‹ญ แ‰คแ‰ต แ‹ตแˆจแˆตแˆ แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ„แ‹ต แ‹จแˆšแŒ แˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแ‹ˆแŒแ‹ต แŒ‰แ‹ฐแŠ› แแŒกแˆญ แАแ‹፡፡ แŠชแˆฎแˆต แŠ แˆˆแˆ›แ‹จแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ดแ‰ต แˆžแ‰ฐ? แŠ แˆˆแˆ›แ‹จแˆ แŠ แ‰ถแˆแˆณแˆต? แ‰ แ‹แАแ‰ต แ‰†แˆปแˆพแ‰ฝ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹፡፡ แˆแŠ• แŠ แ‹ตแˆญแŒˆแŠ• แ‹ญแˆ†แŠ• แˆแŒฃแˆช แŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ… แˆˆแ‰…แŒฃแ‰ต แ‹จแˆฐแŒ แŠ• แŒแŠ•? แŠฅแˆตแŠช แ‹ˆแ‹ฐแ‹ฌแŠ…แˆŠแŠ“ แŒ“แ‹ณแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แŒแ‰ฃแŠ“ แˆซแˆณแ‰ฝแŠ•แŠ• แ‰ แ‰…แŒก แŠฅแŠ•แˆ˜แˆญแˆแˆญ፡፡
แ‰ แ‹šแ‹ซแŠ• แˆฐแˆžแŠ• แˆแˆจแˆญ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰ƒแŒ แˆˆแ‹ แˆ˜แŠ•แ‹ฐแˆญ แ‹จแ‹šแˆ แ‹จแ‹ˆแ‹ซแŠ”แŠ• แ‹œแŒŽแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ แŠฅแˆณแ‰ต แ‹จแˆ˜แ‰…แŒฃแ‰ต แ‹จแŠฅแˆณแ‰ต แ–แˆˆแ‰ฒแŠซ แ‹ซแˆณแ‹ซแˆ፡፡ แ‹จแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซแŠ• แŒˆแŠ•แ‹˜แ‰ฅ แˆˆแˆซแˆฑ แ–แˆˆแ‰ฒแŠซ แ‰ แˆ˜แŒ แ‰€แˆ แ‹œแŒŽแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ แŠ แАแˆตแ‰ฐแŠ›แŠ“ แ‰€แŒซแŒญแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฃแˆ แŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แˆแˆŠแŒฅ แŠฅแ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆซแŒ€ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ฑแŠ• แˆญแˆƒแ‰ฅแ‰ฐแŠ› แˆŒแˆ‹แ‹แŠ• แŒฅแŒ‹แ‰ แŠ› แŠฅแ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆจแŒˆ แŠฅแŠ“แ‹ซแˆˆแŠ•፡፡ แ‰ แŒฅแ‰ƒแ‰…แŠ• แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆซแŒ…แŠ• แ‰ แŒ แˆ‹แ‰ตแАแ‰ต แ‰ แˆ˜แˆแˆจแŒ… แ‰ แŒˆแ‰กแ‰ แ‰ต แŠฅแ‹จแŒˆแ‰ฃ แ‹ซแˆณแ‹ตแ‹ณแ‰ธแ‹‹แˆ፡፡ แŠจแ‹ˆแ‹ซแŠ” แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ฌ แАแŒ‹แ‹ด แŠ‘แˆฎแ‹แŠ“ แŒแ‰ฅแˆฉ แŠฅแˆณแ‰ต แˆ†แАแ‹ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแ‹ซแ‰ƒแŒฅแˆ‰แ‰ตแŠ“ แŠจแˆ€แŒˆแˆญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแŒ แ‹ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‰ แˆญแˆ€แ‰ฅ แŠ แˆˆแŠ•แŒ‹ แ‰ฐแŒˆแˆญแŽ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆžแ‰ต แˆฒแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ แ‹ˆแ‹ซแŠ”แŠ• แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒ แŒ‹ แˆ†แ‹ต แŠ แ‹ฐแˆญ แŒแŠ• แŠฅแˆแ‰ฅแˆญแ‰ฑ แŠฅแˆตแŠชแŒˆแˆˆแ‰ แŒฅ แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ แˆ‹แŠ“ แŠฅแ‹จแŒ แŒฃ แ‰ฐแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆ‹แ‰…แ‰† แ‹ญแŠ–แˆซแˆ፡፡ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ… แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแŠ–แˆญแˆ แ‰ แˆ˜แ‹ฅแŒˆแˆฎแ‰ฝ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹ˆแˆจแˆจแ‰ฝแ‹ แŠฅแŠ“แ‰ต แˆ€แŒˆแˆญ แ‰ แ‹ˆแ‹ซแŠ”แ‹Žแ‰น แŠ แˆ›แŠซแ‹ญแАแ‰ต แˆˆแŠ แŠ•แ‹ฑ แ‹จแŠฅแŠ•แŒ€แˆซ แŠฅแŠ“แ‰ต แˆˆแˆŒแˆ‹แ‹ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‹จแŠฅแ‹แАแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“แ‰ต แˆ†แŠ“ แˆˆแˆ†แ‹ณแˆ แŒฅแŒˆแŠžแ‰น แˆแˆ‰แŠ•แˆ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŠฅแ‹ซแˆ˜แ‰ปแ‰ธแ‰ฝแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ตแŒˆแŠ›แˆˆแ‰ฝ፡፡ แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ แ‰ แ‹ˆแ‹ซแŠ” แˆ›แŠ…แ‰ แˆญ แ‹ซแˆแ‰ฐแ‹ฐแˆซแŒ€ แ‹œแŒ‹ แˆแˆˆแ‰ต แ‰ แˆแˆˆแ‰ต แˆˆแˆ†แАแ‰ฝ แ‹จแŠ•แŒแ‹ต แ‰คแ‰ต แŠจแŒˆแ‰ขแ‹ แŒ‹แˆญ แˆแŒฝแˆž แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ญแˆ˜แŒฃแŒ แŠ• แŠฅแŒ…แŒ แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แŠชแˆซแ‹ญแŠ“ แŒแ‰ฅแˆญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแŠจแแˆ แˆฒแŒˆแ‹ฐแ‹ต (แˆ‚แ‹ต แŠ แ‰ตแ‰ แˆˆแ‹ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ„แ‹ต แŒแŠ• แŠ แ‹ตแˆญแŒˆแ‹ แ‰ แˆšแˆ‰แ‰ต แˆแˆŠแŒฃแ‰ธแ‹) แˆˆแˆ†แ‹ณแˆžแ‰น แŒแŠ• แŠซแˆตแˆแˆˆแŒˆ แŠซแˆˆแŠชแˆซแ‹ญแŠ“ แŠซแˆˆแŠ แŠ•แ‹ณแ‰ฝ แŒแ‰ฅแˆญ แ‰ แˆ•แ‹แ‰ฅ แŒˆแŠ•แ‹˜แ‰ฅ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆแˆˆแŒ‰ แ‹ญแˆ†แŠ“แˆ‰፡፡ แ‰ฃแŠ•แŠฎแ‰ฝ แˆณแ‹ญแ‰€แˆฉ แˆˆแАแˆฑ แ‹จแŒแˆ แŒฅแŒˆแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹፡፡ แ‹จแˆ€แŒˆแˆญ แˆตแˆœแ‰ต แ‹›แˆฌ แ‹ซแˆแŒ แ‹ แ‰ณแ‹ฒแ‹ซ แˆ˜แ‰ผ แ‹ญแŒฅแ‹?
แ‹ญแˆ… แˆ˜แˆฐแˆ‰แŠ“ แˆŒแˆ‹แ‹ แŒแ แˆแˆ‰ แŠ แˆแ‰ แ‰ƒ แ‰ฅแˆŽ แАแ‹ แŠฅแŠ•แŒแ‹ฒแˆ… แ‹จแŠฅแˆณแ‰ฑ แ–แˆˆแ‰ฒแŠซ แ‰ แˆ€แŒˆแˆญ แ‹ฐแˆจแŒƒ แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹แ‹แˆ˜ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแŠ˜แ‹፡፡ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆฐแˆ›แАแ‹ แ‰ แˆแˆจแˆญ แŠจแŠ แŠ•แ‹ดแˆ แˆแˆˆแ‰ต แŒŠแ‹œ แ‰ƒแŒ แˆŽ แ‰ฐแАแˆตแ‰ถ แ‰ แ‰ฅแ‹™ แˆšแˆŠแ‹ฎแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแˆ˜แ‰ต แ‰ฅแˆญแŠ“ แˆ€แ‰ฅแ‰ตแŠ“ แŠ•แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ต แ‹ˆแ‹ตแˆŸแˆ፡፡ แ‹ญแˆ… แ‹จแˆ†แАแ‹ แ‰ แ‹ˆแ‹ซแŠ”แ‹ แˆแ‰ƒแ‹ตแŠ“ แ‹ญแˆแŠ•แ‰ณ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แŠ• แ‹จแˆแŠ•แˆจแ‹ณแ‰ แ‰ต แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แŠฅแˆณแ‰ฑแŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แŒฅแ‹แ‰ต แŒฅแˆจแ‰ต แˆฒแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ แŠ แˆตแ‰€แ‹ตแˆž แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹˜แŒ‹แŒ€แ‹ แ‹จแ‹ˆแ‹ซแŠ” แŒฆแˆญ แŠฅแˆณแ‰ฑแŠ• แŠจแ‰ฅแ‰ฆ แŠ แˆ‹แˆฐแ‰€แˆญแ‰ฅแˆ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ฑแŠ“ แ‹จแŠฅแˆณแ‰ต แŠ แ‹ฐแŒ‹ แˆ แˆซแ‰ฐแŠžแ‰ฝแˆ แŠฅแˆณแ‰ฑ แ‹จแˆšแˆแˆˆแŒˆแ‹แŠ• แŒฅแ‹แ‰ต แŠซแŒˆแ‰ฃแ‹ฐแ‹ฐ แ‰ แŠ‹แˆ‹ แˆฅแˆซแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ แˆฉ แˆ˜แˆแ‰€แ‹ฑ แАแ‹፡፡ แ‹ญแˆ… แ‹“แ‹ญแАแ‰ฑ แŒแ แŠจแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แ‹แŒช แ‹จแˆšแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ แŠ แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆตแˆˆแŠแˆ፤ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแ‹ซแ‹แˆ แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆจแŒแˆ፡፡ แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ฑแˆ แ‹จแˆ€แŒˆแˆญ แ‹œแŒแАแ‰ฑแŠ• แ‹จแŠซแ‹ฐแŠ“ แˆ€แŒˆแˆญ แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ธแˆจแ‰ธแˆจ แ‹จแˆšแˆธแŒฅ แ‹จแˆ€แŒˆแˆญ แˆ˜แˆช แŠจแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แ‹แŒช แ‰ แ‹จแ‰ตแˆ แˆฅแแˆซ แ‹ญแŠ–แˆซแˆ แ‰ฅแ‹ฌ แŠ แˆ‹แˆแŠ•แˆแŠ“፡፡
แ‹จแˆแˆจแˆฉ แŠฅแˆณแ‰ต แˆ˜แŠ•แˆตแŠคแ‹ แ‹ˆแ‹ซแŠ” แˆ†แŠ– แ‹“แˆ‹แˆ›แ‹ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‰ฆแ‰ณแ‹แŠ• แˆˆแ‹ˆแ‹ซแŠ”แ‹ซแ‹Š แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ€แ‰ฅแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆˆแˆ˜แˆตแŒ แ‰ตแŠ“ แ‰ แŠฅแŒแˆจ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ตแˆ แ‰ฐแ‰€แŠ“แ‰ƒแŠ แŠข-แ‹ˆแ‹ซแŠ”แ‹ซแ‹Š แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ€แ‰ฅแ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แŠญแˆฐแˆ แАแ‹ – แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ• แŠฅแ‹แАแ‰ต แˆˆแˆ›แ‹ˆแ‰… แŒ แŠ•แ‰‹แ‹ญ แˆ˜แ‰€แˆˆแ‰ฅ แŠ แ‹ซแˆตแˆแˆแŒแˆ፡፡ แ‰ แŒฃแˆ แŒแˆแŒฝ แАแ‹፡፡ แˆ˜แŠ•แ‰ณ แ‹“แˆ‹แˆ›  แ‹ซแАแŒˆแ‰  แ‰ƒแŒ แˆŽ แАแ‰ แˆญ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹፡፡ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ฐแŠ›แ‹แŠ“ แ‹‹แАแŠ›แ‹ แ‰ แˆฅแˆญแ‹“แ‰ฑ แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ญแˆแˆˆแŒ‰ แ‹œแŒŽแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ›แ‹ฐแŠฝแ‰ต – แˆแˆˆแ‰ฐแŠ›แ‹ แ‰ แАแˆฑ แ‰ฆแ‰ณ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แˆˆแˆฅแˆญแ‹“แ‰ฑ แ‹•แ‹ตแˆœ แ‰€แŠ• แŠจแˆŒแ‰ต แ‰ฐแŠ•แ‰ แˆญแŠญแŠจแ‹ แˆฐแ‹ญแŒฃแŠ•แŠ• แ‹จแˆšแˆˆแˆแŠ‘ แแ‰แˆซแŠ• แŠ แ‰ฃแˆ‹แ‰ตแŠ•แŠ“ แ‹ฐแŒ‹แŠแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ›แ‰‹แ‰‹แˆ፤ แ‰ แ‰ƒ፡፡ แ‰ แŒจแ‹ แ‹ฐแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆต แ‰ แˆญแ‰ แˆฌ แ‰ฐแ‹ˆแ‹ฐแˆต แ‹ญแ‰ฃแˆ‹แˆ፡፡ แ‰ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แˆ˜แˆฌแ‰ต፣ แ‰ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซแ‹แ‹ซแŠ• แˆ€แ‰ฅแ‰ตแŠ“ แŠ•แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ต แ€แˆจ-แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แ‹จแˆ†แŠ‘ แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆฅแ‰ตแŠ• แˆžแˆฐแ‰ฅ แŒˆแˆแ‰ฃแŒฎแ‰ฝแŠ“ แ‹ฐแŒ‹แŠแ‹Žแ‰ปแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹ญแŒˆแ‰ฃแ‰ แ‹™แ‰ แ‰ณแˆ፤ แ‹ญแŒ แ‰ƒแ‰€แˆ™แ‰ แ‰ณแˆ፡፡ แŠฅแŠ•แŒแ‹ด แˆแŒ… แˆ€แŒˆแˆญ แˆปแŒญ แˆ›แ‹•แ‹ฑแŠ• แˆฒแŒซแ‹ˆแ‰ตแ‰ แ‰ต แˆแŒ… แŠจแ‰ แ‹ญ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆแŠซแ‰ฝแАแ‰ตแˆ แ‹ˆแˆญแ‹ถ แ‹จแˆฅแ‰ƒแ‹ญ แˆฐแˆˆแ‰ฃ แˆ†แŠ—แˆ፡፡ แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแˆซแ‰ก แ‰ แˆ€แŒˆแˆญ แˆ˜แŠ–แˆญแˆ แŠญแˆแŠญแˆ แˆ†แŠ– แˆˆแˆžแ‰ตแŠ“ แˆˆแˆตแ‹ฐแ‰ต แˆ˜แ‹ณแˆจแŒ แ‹•แŒฃแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ†แŠ• แ‰ฐแˆแˆญแ‹ถแ‰ฅแŠ“แˆ፡፡ แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ• แ‰…แˆšแ‹ซแŠ“ แ‹˜แˆจแ‹፣ แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ• แ‹จแŒแŽแ‰ฝ แˆแˆ‰ แ‹จแ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแˆ†แА แŒแ แ‰ แŠฅแˆณแ‰ต แŠ แˆ›แŠซแ‹ญแАแ‰ต แŠฅแ‹แŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‹จแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซแŠ• แˆ˜แˆˆแ‹ฎ แˆˆแ‰ฃแˆฝ แ‹ญแŒ แ‰€แˆ›แˆ‰ -แ‰ แ‹“แ‹ญแАแ‰ฑ แˆแ‹ฉ แ‹จแˆ†แА แ‹จแ‰ณแˆชแŠญ แˆแ€แ‰ต แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‹ญแˆ… แАแ‹፡፡ แ‹‹ แŠฅแŠ”แŠ•! แ‹ญแˆ…แ‰ฝ แ‰€แŠ• แˆแ‰ณแˆแ แŠฅแˆแ‰ขแˆแ‰ณแ‹ แˆฒแАแ‹ แŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ… แŒ‰แŒแˆ›แŠ•แŒ‰แŒŽแ‰ฝ แˆแŠ• แ‹ญแ‹แŒฃแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹ญแˆ†แŠ•?
แŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แŠ แ‰ แ‰ฃแˆ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‰ แ‰ตแŠ•แˆน แˆแˆˆแ‰ต แ‹ซแˆ…แˆ แ‰ƒแŒ แˆŽแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แАแ‹šแˆ… แˆแˆˆแ‰ต แ‰€แŠ“แ‰ต แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‰ฐแŠจแˆตแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆ፡፡ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ฐแŠ›แ‹ แ‹จแ‰ฅแˆญแˆƒแŠ•แŠ“ แˆฐแˆ‹แˆ แˆ›แ‰ฐแˆšแ‹ซ แ‰คแ‰ต แˆฒแˆ†แŠ• แˆŒแˆ‹แŠ›แ‹ แ‰ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แŒแˆˆแˆฐแ‰ฅ แ‰คแ‰ต แ‹จแ‹ฐแˆจแˆฐแŠ“ แ‹จแˆฆแˆตแ‰ต แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ•แ‹ญแ‹ˆแ‰ต แ‹จแŒ แ‹จแ‰€ แ‰ƒแŒ แˆŽ แАแ‹፡፡ แ‹ซแˆณแ‹แŠ“แˆ፡፡ แАแแˆณแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‹ญแˆ›แˆญ፡፡ แ‹จแ‰ฅแˆญแˆƒแŠ•แŠ“ แˆฐแˆ‹แˆ แˆ›แ‰ฐแˆšแ‹ซ แ‰คแ‰ฑ แŒแŠ• แ‹ซแŒ แ‹ซแ‹ญแ‰ƒแˆ፡፡ แŠฅแˆญแŒแŒฅ แАแ‹ – แ‰ƒแŒ แˆŽแ‹ แ‰ฐแˆแŒฅแˆฏแ‹Š แˆŠแˆ†แŠ• แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ፡፡ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆ›แŠ•แŠ›แ‹แˆ แŠ แ‹ฐแŒ‹ แˆ†แŠ• แ‰ฐแ‰ฅแˆŽ แˆณแ‹ญแˆ†แŠ• แ‹ตแŠ•แŒˆแ‰ต แˆŠแАแˆณ แ‹จแˆ˜แ‰ปแˆ‰ แ‹•แ‹ตแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแˆˆ แˆ†แŠ– แŠจแ‹ˆแ‹ซแŠ” แ‰ฃแˆ•แˆญแ‹ญ แ‰ฐแАแˆตแ‰ฐแŠ• แˆตแŠ•แŒˆแˆแ‰ต แˆ˜แАแˆพแ‹ แ–แˆˆแ‰ฒแŠซแ‹Š แŠ แŠ•แ‹ตแˆแ‰ณแˆ แˆŠแŠ–แˆจแ‹ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแ‰ฝแˆ แ‰ฅแŠ•แŒ แˆจแŒฅแˆญ “แŒ แˆญแŒฃแˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ(skeptics)” แ‰ฐแ‰ฅแˆˆแŠ• แˆแŠ•แ‰ณแˆ› แŠ แ‹ญแŒˆแ‰ฃแˆ፡፡ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแ‹ซแ‹แˆ แˆตแŠ•แ‰ตแŠ“ แˆตแŠ•แ‰ต แŒฅแ‰ แ‰ƒ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ฐแˆจแŒแˆˆแ‰ต แ‰ตแˆแ‰… แ‹ตแˆญแŒ…แ‰ต แ‰ แ‰€แˆ‹แˆ‰ แˆˆแŠฅแˆณแ‰ต แ‹ญแ‹ณแˆจแŒ‹แˆ แ‰ฅแˆŽ แŠจแˆ›แˆฐแ‰ฅ แŠ แˆˆแˆ›แˆฐแ‰ฅ แ‹ญแˆปแˆ‹แˆ แ‰ฅแˆˆแŠ• แ‰ฅแŠ•แŠจแˆซแŠจแˆญ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ปแˆ แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆตแˆˆแŠ›แˆ፡፡ แˆตแˆˆแˆ†แАแˆ แŠจแ‹ตแŠ•แŒˆแ‰ด แŠ แ‹ฐแŒ‹แАแ‰ต แ‹ญแˆแ‰… แ‹จแ‹ˆแ‹ซแŠ”แ‹ แ‰ฐแŠ•แŠฎแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแŠ–แˆญแ‰ แ‰ต แˆ˜แŒˆแˆ˜แ‰ต แŠ แ‹ญแŠจแ‰ฅแ‹ตแˆ፡፡ แ‹ˆแ‹ซแŠ” แˆˆแˆแŠ• แ‰ฅแˆญแˆƒแŠ•แŠ“ แˆฐแˆ‹แˆแŠ• แ‹ซแ‰ƒแŒฅแˆ‹แˆ? แˆแŠ• แ‹ซแŒˆแŠ›แˆ? แŠจแˆ˜แŒˆแˆ˜แ‰ต แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ แŠฅแ‹แАแ‰ฐแŠ›แ‹แŠ• แАแŒˆแˆญ แˆ›แ‹ˆแ‰… แˆŠแŠจแ‰ฅแ‹ต แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ፤ แˆ˜แŒˆแˆ˜แ‰ต แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แˆˆแˆ›แŠ•แˆ แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ญแŠจแˆˆแŠจแˆ แ‹จแˆแˆ‰แˆ แˆ˜แ‰ฅแ‰ต แАแ‹፡፡
แŠจแˆแˆ‰แˆ แ‰ แŠแ‰ต แŒแŠ• แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แŠ แŒ แ‰ƒแˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠฅแ‹แАแ‰ต แˆ˜แŠ–แˆฉแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แˆ˜แŠ•፡፡ แ‹ซแˆ แŠฅแ‹แАแ‰ต แ‹ˆแ‹ซแŠ” แ‰ขแ‰ปแˆ แ‰ขแ‰ปแˆ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแˆˆแ‰ฝ แ‰ฅแ‰ตแ‰ƒแŒ แˆ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แŒฆแˆญแŒฆแˆต แ‰ฅแ‰ตแ‹ˆแˆญแ‹ต แ‹ฐแˆต แ‹ญแˆˆแ‹‹แˆ แŠฅแŠ•แŒ‚ แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ญแŠจแ‹ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘ แАแ‹፡፡ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แˆตแˆŸ แˆฒแАแˆณ แ‹จแˆšแ‹˜แŒˆแŠ•แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แŠ“ แŒ แ‰ แˆ แ‰ แˆ˜แŒ แˆ˜แ‰… แ‹ซแˆˆ แˆฐแ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแ‰ฐแŠจแˆฐแ‰ฐ แˆฐแ‹ญแŒฃแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแŠ•แ‹˜แˆจแ‹แˆซแ‰ธแ‹ แŠฅแАแ‰ แˆจแŠจแ‰ตแŠ•แŠ“ แˆฃแˆžแˆซแŠ• แ‹จแˆ˜แˆณแˆฐแˆ‰ แˆ˜แƒแŒ‰แ‹• แ‹œแŒŽแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแŠ™แ‰ แ‰ต แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆฅแ‰ณแ‹Š แˆ˜แ‹‹แ‰…แˆญ แ‹จแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แ‰ณแˆชแŠญ แ‹จแˆšแ‹˜แŠจแˆญแ‰ แ‰ตแŠ“ แŠ แŠฅแˆแˆฏแ‹Š แ‰…แˆญแˆต แ‹จแˆšแ‰€แˆ˜แŒฅแ‰ แ‰ต แˆ›แ‹•แŠจแˆ แ‰ขแ‰ƒแŒ แˆ แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆฐแ‰ตแˆ แ‰ฅแˆŽ แˆ›แˆฐแ‰ฅ แ‹จแ‹‹แˆ…แАแ‰ต แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆตแˆˆแŠ›แˆ፡፡ แ‰ แ‹•แŠ•แ‰†แ‰…แˆแˆฝ แˆ€แŒˆแˆญ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แˆแŠ•แŒ แ‰ฅแ‰… แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ญแŒˆแ‰ฃแŠ•แŠ• แАแŒˆแˆญ แ‰ฅแŠ•แŒ แ‰ฅแ‰… แ‰ฅแˆแˆ…แАแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แŒ‚ แ‰ตแ‹แ‰ฅแ‰ต แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แˆŠแ‹ซแˆตแŒˆแ‰ฃแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฝแˆ แˆžแŠแАแ‰ต แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆ፡፡
แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แˆ แ‹ˆแ‹ซแŠ” แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ• แ‹จแŠฅแˆณแ‰ต แ–แˆˆแ‰ฒแŠซแ‹แŠ• แ‰ แˆ˜แŒ แ‰€แˆ แ‹œแŒŽแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆซแ‰แ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แˆ›แˆตแ‰€แˆจแ‰ฑแŠ•แŠ“ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐแ‰ แˆจแŠ•แ‹ณ แˆ•แ‹ญแ‹ˆแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆˆแ‹ˆแŒกแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแ‹ซแ‰†แˆ፣ แ‹จแ‹˜แˆ˜แŠ“แ‰ต แ‰…แˆญแˆณแ‰ฝแŠ•แŠ• แŠฅแ‹ซแ‰ƒแŒ แˆˆ แ‰ณแˆชแŠญ แŠ แˆแ‰ฃ แˆ†แАแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ตแŠ•แ‰€แˆญ แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ‰แŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแŒˆแ‰ณแŠ“ แŠฅแˆตแŠจแ‰ฐแ‰ปแˆˆ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แАแƒแАแ‰ณแ‰ฝแŠ•แŠ• แŠฅแ‹แŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แ‹จแˆแŠ•แ‰ฝแˆแ‰ แ‰ตแŠ• แ‹จแŒ‹แˆซ แˆฅแˆแ‰ต แˆ˜แ‰€แ‹จแˆต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ตแŠ•แ‰ฝแˆ แ‹จแŒ‹แˆซ แŒฅแˆจแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ตแŠ“แ‹ฐแˆญแŒ แŒฅแˆชแ‹จแŠ• แŠ แ‰€แˆญแ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ፡፡ แˆฐแˆ‹แˆ፡፡

Who is who in the Ethiopian Ministry of Foreign Affairs?


Tewodros Adhanom, Minister of Foreign Afaairs (Tigre)
Tewodros Adhanom, Minister of Foreign Afaairs (Tigre)
by Muse Abebe
Despite the claim of TPLF that the federal system has equally protected the rights of ‘nations and nationalities’, the political and economic power is fundamentally controlled by Tigayans who use the cultural differences in the country to their divide and rule strategy.  In the past, Ghinbot 7 and Esat Television were exposing the Tigrean monopoly of almost all positions in the Ministry of Defence, security apparatus and foreign diplomatic missions. Exposing the people who are in control of real power in the country helps to increase the awareness of the public about the nature of the apartheid like regime in Ethiopia. Ghnbot 7 and Esat as well as other democratic organizations need to continue working on this important issue. One of the federal institutions that are entirely controlled by the Tigay elites is the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Among the top fifteen departments of the ministry, Tigreans control at least eight of them. Does it mean that there are no Ethiopians from other ethnic groups who can carry out such responsibilities? Where is the diversity that TPLF cries day and night?
1. Tewodros Adhanom, Minister of Foreign Afaairs- Tigre
2. Berhane Gebre-Christo, State Minister of Foreign Afffairs-Tigre
3. Ambassador Negash Kibret,Director General for International Organizations-Tigre
4. Ambassador Grum Abay,Director General For European Affairs- Tigre
5.  Ato Mihreteab Mulugeta ,Chief of Protocol-Tigre
6. Ato Zewdu Gebreweld,Head of the ICT Center- Tigre
7. Gebremichale Gebre Tsadik ,Director General for Plan and Budge-Tigre
8. Dr. Desta Woldeyohannes, Head of the Office of Women’s Affairs-Tigre

แ‹จแŠ แŠ•แ‹ตแАแ‰ต แ“แˆญแ‰ฒ แŒฝ/แ‰คแ‰ต แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆแŠ“แ‰ƒแ‹ฉแ‰ฝ แ‰ฐแŒฅแˆˆแ‰€แˆˆแ‰€

(แ‰ แ‹ณแ‹Šแ‰ต แˆฐแˆˆแˆžแŠ• -แŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แŠ แ‰ แ‰ฃ) แ‰ฐแˆแŠ“แ‰ƒแ‹ฉแ‰น แŠจแŒŽแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆญ แŠ แŠซแ‰ฃแ‰ข แ‰ฐแАแˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ แŠจแ‹›แˆฌ 20 แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ต แ‰ แŠแ‰ต แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แˆแ‹•แˆซแ‰ฅ แˆธแ‹‹ แ‹žแŠ• แŠ แˆแ‰ฆ แ‹ณแŠ– แ‹ˆแˆจแ‹ณ แ‰ แˆ˜แ‹แˆจแ‹ต แ‰ แŠฅแˆญแˆป แˆตแˆซ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆฐแˆ›แˆฉ แŒˆแ‰ แˆฌแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹፡፡แŠจ1996แ‹“.แˆ แŒ€แˆแˆฎ แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹จ แ‹ฐแˆจแŒƒ ‹‹แŠญแˆแˆ‹แ‰ฝแŠ•แŠ• แˆˆแ‰…แ‰ƒแ‰ฝแˆ แ‹แŒก››แˆฒแ‰ฃแˆ‰ แ‰†แ‹ญแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆ፡፡
แŠจแ‰…แˆญแ‰ฅ แŒŠแ‹œ แ‹ˆแ‹ฒแˆ… แˆ›แˆตแˆแˆซแˆชแ‹ซแ‹ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แŒแ‹ตแ‹ซ፣แ‹ตแ‰ฅแ‹ฐแ‰ฃแŠ“ แ‹ˆแŠจแ‰ฃ แ‰ แˆ›แ‹ฐแŒ‰ แˆˆแŠ แ‰คแ‰ฑแ‰ณ แŠ แŠซแ‰ฃแ‰ขแ‹ซแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แŒฅแˆˆแ‹ แŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แŠ แ‰ แ‰ฃ แˆˆแˆ˜แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ต แ‰ฐแŒˆแ‹ฐแ‹‹แˆ፡፡แŠจแ‰ฐแˆแŠ“แ‰ƒแ‹ฉแ‰น แˆ˜แŠซแŠจแˆ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹ˆแˆฐแŠ‘แ‰ต แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แŒแ‹ดแˆฌแˆฝแŠ• แˆแŠญแˆญ แ‰คแ‰ต แŠ แˆ แŒ‰แ‰ฃแŠค แŠ แ‰ถ แŠซแˆณ แ‰ฐ/แ‰ฅแˆญแˆƒแŠ• แŒฝ/แ‰คแ‰ต แ‰ แˆ›แˆแˆซแ‰ต แŠ แˆ แŒ‰แ‰ฃแŠคแ‹แŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แŠ“แŒˆแˆญ แ‰ขแˆžแŠญแˆฉแˆ แˆŠแ‹ซแŒˆแŠŸแ‰ธแ‹ แŠ แˆแ‰ปแˆ‰แˆ፡፡แ‹จแŠ แˆ แŒ‰แ‰ฃแŠคแ‹ แŒธแˆแŠ แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‹ซแ‰ฝแˆ แ‰ณแ‹ญแ‰ทแˆ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แˆ˜แŒฃแ‰ฝแˆแ‰ แ‰ต แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆˆแˆฑ››แ‹ซแˆˆแ‰ปแ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ขแˆ†แŠ•แˆ แ‰ฐแˆแŠ“แ‰ƒแ‹ฉแ‰น ‹‹แ‰ฅแŠ•แˆ˜แˆˆแˆต แˆŠแŒˆแ‹ตแˆ‰แŠ• แˆตแˆˆแˆšแ‰ฝแˆ‰ แŠ แŠ•แˆ˜แˆˆแˆตแˆ››แ‹จแˆšแˆ แŠ แ‰‹แˆ แ‹ญแ‹˜แ‹‹แˆ፡፡
แŠจ26 แ‹จแˆšแˆแ‰ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แŠ แ‹ฐแ‰ฃแ‰ฃแ‹ญ แ‹ตแ‰ฅแ‹ฐแ‰ฃ แ‹ฐแˆญแˆถแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แŠฅแŒ…แŠ“ แŠฅแŒแˆซแ‰ธแ‹ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ แˆจ แ‹จแˆšแŠ“แŒˆแˆฉแ‰ต แ‰ฐแˆแŠ“แ‰ƒแ‹ฉแ‰น‹‹แŠ แ‰ถ แŒŒแŒก แŠญแ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰ฃแˆˆ แŒแˆˆแˆฐแ‰ฅ แ‰ แŒˆแ‰ แ‹ซ แ‰ฆแ‰ณ แ‰ แŒˆแŒ€แˆซ แ‰ฐแ‰†แˆซแˆญแŒฆ แˆ…แ‹ญแ‹ˆแ‰ฑ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰แŠ• แ‰ แˆ€แ‹˜แŠ• แˆตแˆœแ‰ต แ‰ฐแ‹แŒ แ‹ แ‹ญแŠ“แŒˆแˆซแˆ‰፡፡
แ‹จแŠ แŠ•แ‹ตแАแ‰ต แ“แˆญแ‰ฒ แŒฝ/แ‰คแ‰ต แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆแŠ“แ‰ƒแ‹ฉแ‰ฝ แ‰ฐแŒฅแˆˆแ‰€แˆˆแ‰€
แ‹จแŠ แŠ•แ‹ตแАแ‰ต แ“แˆญแ‰ฒ แŒฝ/แ‰คแ‰ต แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆแŠ“แ‰ƒแ‹ฉแ‰ฝ แ‰ฐแŒฅแˆˆแ‰€แˆˆแ‰€

แ‰ แŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แŠ แ‰ แ‰ฃ แˆ›แˆจแŠแ‹ซ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ›แŒแŠ˜แ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹ แˆˆแ‰ฝแŒแˆญ แˆ˜แŒ‹แˆˆแŒฃแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแˆแŒนแ‰ต แ‰ฐแˆแŠ“แ‰ƒแ‹ฉแ‰น แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ตแАแ‰ต แˆˆแ‹ดแˆžแŠญแˆซแˆฒแŠ“ แˆˆแแ‰ตแˆ… แŒฝ/แ‰คแ‰ต แ‰ แˆ˜แˆแŒฃแ‰ต ‹‹แแ‰ตแˆ… แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ตแŠ“แŒˆแŠ แˆˆแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฉแŒตแ‹ซ แˆ…แ‹แ‰ฅ แˆฐแ‰†แ‰ƒแ‰ฝแŠ•แŠ• แŠ แˆฐแˆ™แˆแŠ•››แ‰ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‰ฐแˆ›แŒฝแАแ‹‹แˆ፡፡
แ‹จแŠ แŠ•แ‹ตแАแ‰ต แ“แˆญแ‰ฒ แ‹‹แŠ“ แŒธแˆแŠ แŠ แ‰ถ แˆตแ‹ฉแˆ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแˆป ‹‹แˆ…แŒˆ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ฑ แ‰ แŒแˆแŒฝ แŠฅแ‹ซแŠ•แ‹ณแŠ•แ‹ฑ แ‹œแŒ‹ แ‰ แˆแˆˆแŒˆแ‹ แŠญแˆแˆ แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ„แ‹ต แŠ•แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ต แˆ›แแˆซแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแ‰ฝแˆ แ‰ขแ‹ฐแАแŒแŒแˆ แˆ˜แˆฌแ‰ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹ แŠฅแ‹แАแ‰ณ แŒแŠ• แˆ…แŒˆ แ‹ˆแŒฅแŠ“ แŠ แˆตแ‰ธแŒ‹แˆช แАแ‹››แ‰ฅแˆˆแ‹‹แˆ፡፡

Last Days of Sorrow (By Fasil)

This is a story written by Fasil,  about personal family history. He made it public to ensure that it is not lost. Writing this has brought back both joyful and painful memories.
The writer is grateful for the openness, support and empathy of friends and family. To read the story click here.

Missing jet crashed in Indian Ocean, all onboard dead: Malaysian PM

Press TV report: The Malaysian prime minister has announced that the missing Malaysian passenger jet has crashed in the Southern Indian Ocean, killing all people on board.
malaysia-plane-lost-crash
In a press conference in Kuala Lumpur on Monday night, Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak cited new satellite information, saying that the plane’s last position was southwest of Australia’s Perth.
The premier said the data indicated the ill-fated plane had flown “to a remote location, far from any possible landing sites.”
“It is therefore with deep sadness and regret that I must inform you that according to this new data, Flight MH370 ended in the southern Indian Ocean,” Razak said.
Meanwhile, Malaysia Airlines has sent a text message to relatives of people onboard the missing jet that the plane went down in the Indian Ocean with no survivors.
The new development on the fate of the aircraft comes as international forces are looking for two objects spotted by satellite images 2,500 kilometers southwest of Perth.
The international search for the missing Malaysia Airlines plane gained fresh momentum after new satellite images provided new potential clues.
Flight MH370 with 239 passengers and crew vanished from radar screens early on March 8, less than an hour after taking off from Kuala Lumpur on a scheduled flight to Beijing.
At least 150 Chinese citizens were on board the missing plane.
Source: Press TV
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More news on CNN
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (CNN) — For families whose loved ones were aboard the missing Malaysia Airlines plane, the past day has been full of news they were dreading.
First, a grim-faced Malaysian Prime Minister confirmed their worst fears, announcing Flight 370 went down somewhere in the Indian Ocean.
Then, even as investigators seemed closer than ever to finding the plane, stormy weather forced Australian authorities to call off a day of searching for the Boeing 777.
“It’s almost felt like a miniature roller coaster within the day,” said James Wood, whose brother Philip was one of three American passengers on the plane.
Families are stuck in a “holding pattern,” he told CNN’s “AC360.”
“We’re just waiting and waiting,” he said, “and not getting any answers one way or another.”

An agonizing wait continues
They’ll have to wait at least a day longer. Gale-force winds, large waves, heavy rain and low clouds forecast for the area “would make any air and sea search activities hazardous and pose a risk to crew,” the Australian Maritime Safety Authority said Tuesday. Teams will resume searching Wednesday if weather permits, officials said.
When they start looking again, they’ll be combing the remote area in the southern Indian Ocean where officials now say they believe the flight ended.
New analysis of satellite data by a British satellite company and accident investigators led to that conclusion, Prime Minister Najib Razak said Monday.
“They have told us all lives are lost,” a missing passenger’s relative briefed by the airline in Beijing said.
Malaysia Airlines also sent a text message to relatives saying “we have to assume beyond any reasonable doubt that MH370 has been lost and that none of those onboard survived.”
While the last-minute announcement appeared to end hopes of finding survivors more than two weeks after the flight vanished, it left many key questions unanswered, including what went wrong aboard the Beijing-bound airliner and the location of its wreckage in the deep, wild ocean waters.
Flight 370 relative: This is a cover-up Psychologist: Grief is shock, then anger Families told all lives are lost
Families overcome after hearing the news
For families, some of whom had held out hope their relatives somehow were still alive, the news appeared to be devastating.
At a briefing for relatives in Beijing, some were overcome and had to be taken from a hotel on stretchers. In Kuala Lumpur, a woman walked out of a briefing for families in tears.
“My son, my daughter-in-law and granddaughter were all on board. All three family members are gone. I am desperate!” a woman said outside the Beijing briefing.
Another woman came out of the briefing room screaming, expressing doubts about the Malaysian conclusion.
“Where is the proof?” she said. “You haven’t confirmed the suspected objects to tell us no one survived.”
A committee representing some of the families of the 154 Chinese and Taiwanese passengers aboard the missing aircraft sharply criticized the Malaysian government in a statement, accusing authorities of deliberate search delays and cover-ups, China’s state-run CCTV reported.
“If our 154 relatives aboard lost their lives due to such reasons, then Malaysia Airlines, the Malaysian government and the Malaysian military are the real murderers that killed them,” the statement said, according to CCTV.
Malaysian police have interviewed more than 50 people in their investigation into the missing plane, Inspector-General of Police Tan Sri Khalid Abu Bakal told Malaysia’s national news agency Bernama.
Four scenarios of what happened
He said police are focusing on four possibilities about what happened: a potential hijacking, sabotage, psychological issues or personal problems of the passengers and/or crew.
“Such cases may take up to a year,” Khalid said, “so please don’t jump to conclusions that the police are slow.”
While investigators have yet to find even a piece of the plane, the Prime Minister based his announcement on what he described as unprecedented analysis of satellite data by British satellite provider Inmarsat and the British Air Accidents Investigation Branch. He didn’t describe the nature of the analysis.
He said the data, drawn from satellite pings the ill-fated airliner continued to send throughout its final flight, made it clear that the plane’s last position was in the middle of the southern Indian Ocean, “far from any possible landing sites.”
He begged reporters to respect the privacy of relatives.
“For them, the past few weeks have been heartbreaking,” he said. “I know this news must be harder still.”
The airline said it was making plans to fly families to Australia once wreckage is found.
How ‘groundbreaking’ number crunching found path of Flight 370
Are found objects part of MH370? The deep sea robot search for 370
Two objects in the Indian Ocean
The announcement came the same day as Australian officials said they had spotted two objects in the southern Indian Ocean that could be related to the flight, which has been missing since March 8 with 239 people aboard.
One object is “a gray or green circular object,” and the other is “an orange rectangular object,” the Australian Maritime Safety Authority said.
The Australian naval ship HMAS Success didn’t turn up the objects when it searched Monday night, the authority said.
The objects are the latest in a series of sightings, including “suspicious objects” reported earlier Monday by a Chinese military plane that was searching in the same area, authorities said.
A U.S. surveillance plane sent to follow up was unable to find the objects, and so far, none of the sightings has been definitively linked to Flight 370.
Ten aircraft — from Australia, China, the United States and Japan — searched the area Monday.
China said Monday after the Prime Minister’s announcement that it would be sending more ships to help.
China has a particularly large stake: Its citizens made up about two-thirds of the passengers on the missing Boeing 777.
How Inmarsat found MH370′s path A look inside the search for MH370
Satellites helped focused the search
Amid a vast regional search that at one point spanned nearly 3 million square miles, searchers homed in on the southern Indian Ocean in recent days after satellite images spotted a variety of unknown objects in an area roughly 1,500 miles southwest of Perth, Australia.
Australia reported the first images in the area, followed by China and France.
The area also lies on a projected flight path for the aircraft calculated in part from the satellite pings sent by the plane after other communications systems had shut down.
Australian officials have repeatedly warned that the objects may not be from the missing plane. They could be containers that have fallen off cargo ships, for example.
On Saturday, searchers found a wooden pallet as well as strapping belts, Australian authorities said. Hishammuddin said Monday that wooden pallets were among the items on Flight 370. But such pallets are also common in the ocean shipping industry, so it they may be unrelated to the flight.
The investigation into the passenger jet’s disappearance has already produced a wealth of false leads and speculative theories. Previously, when the hunt was focused on the South China Sea near where the plane dropped off civilian radar, a number of sightings of debris proved to be unrelated to the search.
How they’re searching for debris
Plane said to have flown low
Monday’s dramatic developments came after a weekend during which other nuggets of information emerged about the movements of the errant jetliner on the night it vanished.
Military radar tracking shows that after making a sharp turn over the South China Sea, the plane changed altitude as it headed toward the Strait of Malacca, an official close to the investigation into the missing flight told CNN.
The plane flew as low as 12,000 feet at some point before it disappeared from radar, according to the official. It had reportedly been flying at a cruising altitude of 35,000 feet when contact was lost with air traffic control.
Also over the weekend, Malaysian authorities said the last transmission from the missing aircraft’s reporting system showed it heading to Beijing — a revelation that appears to undercut the theory that someone reprogrammed the plane’s flight path before the co-pilot signed off with air traffic controllers for the last time.
That reduces, but doesn’t rule out, suspicions about foul play in the cockpit.
Authorities have said pilot Zaharie Ahmad Shah was highly experienced. On Monday, Malaysian authorities said Flight 370 was co-pilot Fariq Abdul Hamid’s sixth flight in a Boeing 777, and the first time when he was not traveling with an instructor pilot shadowing him.
“We do not see any problem with him,” said Malaysia Airlines CEO Ahmad Jauhari Yahya.