Friday, February 14, 2014

Ethiopia: Our Selective Amnesia of Putting the Cart before the Horse wouldn’t do it


Rewiring the treacherous minds of TPLF/Woyane’s stooges is way overdue. But, the rest of us need an upgrade to think Ethiopia First — Democracy First. We can’t continue to have selective amnesia of putting the cart before the horse and expect results. There is no way out of the stalemate until we proactively and collectively confront Woyane to surrender for democratic rule.
by Teshome Debalke
I am confused on the whole write ups and the talks I read and hear on the Media from individuals and groups, including the ruling regime’s operatives.  Loud noises and selective amnesia of ‘putting the cart before the horse’ wouldn’t do us any good to bring about democratic rule. I understand why TPLF’s operatives, particularly the propaganda outlets do it because the Apartheid system they carry on their shoulder live-and-dies by it. But, I couldn’t understand why the rest of us do it.Ethiopian to have selective amnesia โ€˜putting the cart before the horseโ€™
It is rather odd and hard to believe many of us still aren’t in touch with the reality in general and the nature of TPLF led Apartheid regime in particular–reflected in our reaction and inactions or recommendation as a solution for the political, social and economic problem our people are facing. We continue to have selective amnesia — dodging the fundamental problem of Apartheid and the associated rampant corruption, lack of good governance and democracy.
Let’s be honest, we are living under an illusion concocted by an outfit called Tigrian People Liberation Front (TPLF) led regime that imposed ethnic Apartheid on Ethiopia calling it Nations and Nationality of Ethiopia. For some unknown reason we ignore the cause and hummer on symptoms of the problem day-in-day-out.
For example, the evidence shows the institutions that bear the front name Federal… is meant an open season for TPLF on Ethiopians and Ethiopia with unprecedented efficiency of atrocities, extortions and corruption. It is also evident TPLF- Federal is to preserve Apartheid system in subjugating and exploiting the people with its partners in crime. Sadly to say, every stooge and operatives of TPLF/Woyane knowingly and willingly are committing historical crimes on the people of Ethiopia or simply declaring their insanity.
There are three possible explanations for any Ethiopian to have selective amnesia ‘putting the cart before the horse’ to justify or ignore the crimes of TPLF’s Apartheid system.  It could be due to ignorance to the nature of TPLF led regime and the activities of its clandestine associates or simply to advance political, social and economic interests through illicit means or purely out of fear of going against the Apartheid system.    Whatever the reason may be there is no excuse why contemporary Ethiopians, particularly learned men and women to have selective amnesia to skirt the issue, join or give cover or a pass to the Apartheid system against their own people and country.
Before I go further, let me make my stand clear for those delusional people, including TPLF’s stooges and apologist, particularly the propaganda outlets that want us to believe the Apartheid regime is whatever slogan they choose to paste on it for the public consumption. If I am not mistaken; the latest slogan pasted on the Apartheid system is “Democratic Developmental State”.  It wouldn’t surprise anyone  if they come up with any slogan including ‘the second coming of Marx–Lenin’ or Mao Zedong himself to guide the Federal Ethnic Nation and Nationality of the Democratic Development State to justify a modern day ethnic Apartheid. By now everybody should know the capability of TPLF to fake and kill its way out of anything. But, the truth is found in what the clandestine ethnic Apartheid organizations’ practice in a cover of Federal…Tigray…Amhara…Oromo…so on.
Ever since its inception TPLF’s anti Ethiopians propaganda via Amahrs achieved the implementation of ethnic Apartheid institutions and continued associating Ethiopia with Amahars –  leaving the rest of Ethiopians as victimized tribes with no historical triumphs and tribulations with their own people and country Ethiopia.  Essentially, TPLF in the name of ethnic Federalism single handedly erased Ethiopian’s history and reduced us as a collection of powerless ethnic groups under the care of a rogue group led by a self-declared minority ethnic party known as TPLF.   Accordingly, the history of the people of Ethiopia began with clean slate as a history of a collection of tribes (Nation and Nationality) written and administered by TPLF and its hired hands posed as Federal and out of a manufactured Region called Tigray. Thus, the longest history of a nation and her people that outlived most nations and people on the planet earth fall under undignified rogue group with unknown identity and unlimited appetite to extort the resources of the people of Ethiopia.
The saddest thing of all is our vocal ethnic elites embarrassingly went right into the trap of TPLF’s ethnic warlords and ended up locked in a cage — boxed-in never to come out to solve our national, regional and universal problems facing our people and nation.   In reality, they condemned themselves into irrelevancy not to go beyond and above ethnicity when they are needed most to solve many facets of our problems.
Think about it, how many Ethiopian ethnic groups out of the 80 plus want to break up from their country or buy into the Apartheid ethnic Regions?  Is it because they are less or never ‘oppressed’? Is it because they have no love for freedom, justice and democracy for ‘their’ people?  Could it be because they don’t have the guts to raise arms to fight?  Then, why are only three or four ethnic groups out of 80 plus make the loudest noises to break up or drum up ethnicity with TPLF?
Could it be a plot against Ethiopians by our enemies? Listen very carefully when they talk with forked tongue and judge.
My people, I don’t know about you but, the whole thing smells like a rotten fish to me. Call me crazy or whatever you feel like it but, never in the history of any people or nation: tribulation–invasion, occupation, exploitation, oppression… or trumps — victory, independence, freedom and democracy… nothing remotely came close to what TPLF ethnic warlords did to insult and undermine the integrity of glorious people as Ethiopians. And, sadly to say, TPLF never claimed to be an Ethiopian entity ever until it reclaimed it as a slogan on the recommendation of foreigners led by infamous Hermann Cohen, the former US secretory of African Affairs. Talk about tragedy of magnificent people and nation that have fallen under rogue group led by the self-declared ‘Tigray’? ethnic warlords.
What I want to know is, on what ground anybody claim there is an Ethiopian ‘government? Or to put it bluntly, how did we manage to abandon our people and nation for the warlords of TPLF and its ethnic hired hands and pretend a ‘Revolutionary Democratic’ Mafia is worthy of tending to the interest and wellbeing of our people and nation?
I am also stunned when some of us believe when TPLF’s hired hoodlums and associates tell us our legendry historical leaders that sent shockwave to the world via Fascist Italy and its associates in Adwa are reduced to noting by a nobody street clowns from Adwa and their hired ethnic warlords with questionable identity while they elevate and bow to primitive Arab tribesmen paused as Kings of Arabia with no history or good deeds worthy of speaking. To further rub it on our wounds, the stooges are telling us there is a legacy we can be proud of out of the Banda of Adwa?
Speaking of legacy, how is it possible a high ranking official of the Free World Susan Rise, the former US Ambassador at the UN reduced herself to give eulogy to the clown of Adwa  by insulting Ethiopians we can’t have it any better than the mini dictator ? Does the woman fully grasp the different between democracy and dictatorship? Whoever is the TPLF’s operative that pulled the stunt to play her like a fool should be considered for the best snake-oil salesmanship award of the century.
TPLF’s clowns aside, what is the matter with the operatives and the clueless ethnic warlords TPLF assembled making too much noise lately?  Couldn’t they say enough of being dolls for the Adwa clowns that put them on a leash to bark their way of keeping the Apartheid system going?
Take the ‘Amahra’ Region Vice-President latest insult of the people he supposedly ‘represents.’ Was that Ethnic Revolutionary Democracy way of representation?  Many people were angry on the poor warlord not knowing the he was spiting what he is told to say. But, we should expect much from an 8th grade dropout –recruited not to tell the different between one Region from the other he was assigned to represent. After all, the Eritrean national Berket Simon is his boss and mentor for a reason.
When that isn’t enough, the defection of the Gambela Region ethnic Warlord extraordinary Omot Obang is another good example of the disposable warlords that sell their people and country cold until they are no longer needed.  He was lucky enough to run like a rabbit to save his life before TPLF clowns made him another collateral damage to preserve ethnic Apartheid.   According sources that peruse the warlord for crime of genocide he is presently hiding in West Germany.  We can’t wait until he comes out to spill his guts and face justice.
I don’t know about you my people, but when I heard the so called Prime Minster speaks on a staged interview by the infamous Addis Misfortune’s owner I have had it with these miserable misรจres warlords. ‘Collective leadership; is it some kind of village ritual to remember the Great Leader/chief? This one is a new paste on Democratic Developmental State. I am afraid we haven’t heard the end of the jock yet.
Our Selective amnesia of putting the cart before the horse isn’t helping
I am admirer of people with moral clarity to see their people’s interest beyond their daily bread, self-aggrandizement or peddling one thing or another for the limelight. I also have a high regard for those that speak the truth regardless of the consequences.  The world reveres the integrity of such icons because they go beyond and above the call of duty to help free millions of people out of dictatorship, poverty, hopelessness… Their legacy lives on to inspire generations to come as our own past heroes continue to inspire us and the world.
Among few of our contemporaries that stand tall Eskinder, Andualem and Reyot… come in mind.  Sadly, they are rotting in TPLF’s Apartheid jail, not for crime of terrorism on their own people but the terror their presence inflects on TPLF’s Warlords as the legendary Mandela use to do on the South African minority Warlords.  If you think about it the best of any society under dictatorship are found in jails of the regimes as the reverse is true in any self-respecting societies. What does it tell us?
Make no mistake; most of Ethiopians in the jails of TPLF are the true leaders of our people. That is why they are suffering in jail. But, their sacrifices are often overshadowed by our do-noting and talk hot air contemporaries with selective amnesia to put the cart before the horse to justify something worthy can be built on a rotten foundation.
We all should agree without hesitation on one thing; we can’t build a nation on a rotten foundation of TPLF’s Apartheid. To borrow the old slogan of EthioMedia ‘TPLF can’t be reformed, it must be dismantled’, I agree. I advise TPLF’s puddles to stop wagging their tails to preserve ethnic Apartheid and get on with dismantling it while they can to safeguard their country and people; that is if they are Ethiopians.
Quite honestly, I use to be as guilty as everybody else ignoring many things I shouldn’t have purely out of ignorance. But, I confessed my sin long ago and said Never Again I will overlook anything that isn’t kosher when it comes defending my people and country.  I warn anyone in advance that peddles to my ethnicity, religion, economic interest or whatever to go against my people or anyone that have selective amnesia of  ‘putting the cart before the horse’ to justify something good can be built on a rotten foundation.  Apparently, there are many out there, particularly learned men and women I am looking forward to speak my mind about as time allows. I highly recommend every Ethiopian should do the same.
This time around I came across an article worthy of reading but not applying, titled Why Ethiopia Needs to Privatize Land by Daniel Tefera (PhD) .  I enjoyed the article and its historical comparison with other countries.  In fact, the argument isn’t new.
The famous Peruvian Economist Hernando De Soto invented it and worked very well in his native Peru. And, there are many more reasons I can list why privatization is important under the right regime and on good foundations. But, it wouldn’t do us any good if we have selective amnesia to push it on the ‘wrong foundation as the author is suggesting.   Therefore, I would advise the esteemed economist to do first thing first.
Therefore, I respectfully ask of him to do another article titled ‘Why Ethiopia can’t afford to privatize land under an ethnic Apartheid regime’.  He could teach the snake oil salesmen of TPLF that the Apartheid economy amounts to racketeering, noting more. He also can teach the rest of us how democratic rule is necessary as a foundation for privatization and free market, not the other way around.
Thus, before privatization of land or anything else for that matter, the people’s government and the right institutions must be established to implement his recommendations. Better yet, he himself should establish Privatization Institute with his colleagues than simply write about it. Ethiopians are tired of writers and talkers but searching for doers. Beyond that, the author shouldn’t have selective amnesia explaining Ethiopian’s transition from traditional through command to apartheid economy before land privatization and free market… he said;
“There have been land reforms in Ethiopian history, but they have always been done for a political purpose to consolidate power of the rulers.  Land reform was considered, for the first time, a necessary factor for agricultural transformation and economic development in Ethiopia only after the 1960 Coup.  
In 1961, a separate ministry of land reform was created to study the various land tenure systems of the country.  But nothing was implemented because of the formidable opposition by the powerful land-owning class of the royal family, the nobility, the Orthodox Church and high ranking officials.  
In 1975, the Stalinist Regime of Mengistu Hailemariam abolished private ownership of land and commercial farms without compensation, making the state the sole proprietor of all land.  Peasants were allowed use right only, living as tenants of the state.  By controlling all land and keeping it out of the free market, the state prohibited the gainful use of landed property. Worse still, in 1991, the Regime of Meles Zenawi introduced a lease system instead of returning land over to the peasantry. 
State ownership of land did not produce a property relationship that is significantly different from the imperial system. The state replaced the land-owning class. Peasants still worked the land they didn’t own, lacking the security and pride of an owner.     
A genuine land reform that can end state monopoly and privatize land is long overdue in Ethiopia. However, there has to be first a permanent consensus on the rationale for a genuine land reform that can create private ownership, enforced by law.”
There is more to land ownership and reform beyond ’land owning class of the royal familythe Orthodox Church and high ranking officials’ (1961) and the Stalinist Regime of Mengistu Hailemariam abolished private ownership of land and commercial farms’ ( 1975). He shouldn’t stop short of what TPLF regime did by simply saying “Worse still, in 1991, the Regime of Meles Zenawi introduced a lease system instead of returning land over to the peasantry.” 
It isn’t a mystery all regimes used land to consolidate political power. Our traditional land- tenor system isn’t new for Ethiopia either. Any society that lives under Kings and regional Kings-Chiefdoms’ rule did and do the same. Since all land belongs to the King or regional Kings the people are subjects under their rule. But, under the Imperial regime there was private holding of land and functioning private market for it particularly in the urban areas that rather worked well.
Most of the problem was in provincial regions where the King or the regional Chiefdoms use land as the only means to finance their rule. Besides, there is no evidence the Imperial regime confiscating private land holdings even though land is under his absulte power as a King. When the revolution took place to strip of his power land ownership to the farmers didn’t materialize for the obvious reasons.
The new ‘Stalinist Regime’ by decree nationalizes land ownership to consolidate political power.  It wasn’t a mystery land that supposedly belongs for the farmers ended up under the State — administered by cadres. Once again the people became subjects of the Communist State instead of the Imperial State. Unilateral nationalization of private holding from citizens that has nothing to do with the King and Chiefdoms with a stroke of a pen destroyed private ownership and the market. The adventure of the elites that ‘threw the baby with the bath water’ to show they are dedicated Marxist Revolutionaries willing to control the population in  the name of the oppressed brought the country in chaos.
Under the present Ethnic Federalism of Woyane, the author choose to skip or fail to elaborate when he said; ‘Worse still, in 1991, the Regime of Meles Zenawi introduced a lease system instead of returning land over to the peasantry.’ He stopped short of explaining the ideology behind the lease system TPLF introduced. Nor he addressed TPLF becoming a de facto landlord of the nation’s land paused as Federal — despising land for itself, cronies and foreign partners to amass wealth in the name of development. It was beyond its own mandate as a minority ethnic party representing Tigray Region. Here again, noting changed except land became a commodity TPLF uses to control the population and amass wealth to finance it rule in the name of Ethnic Nation and Nationality.
Then the author went on — ignoring the core prerequisite of the ‘free market’ he claims to be a champion for and said;
“The argument that privatization of land will flood Ethiopia with foreign investors is based on an irrational fear and hatred of the free market system. Investment capital is a scarce resource; and consequently, it moves mainly to places of high return and safety, such as the United States of America or South Africa. The Ethiopian market is not one of these places. In the United States of America, foreigners buy real and financial assets and the inflow of funds has benefited the American economy.”
Why talk about privatization, foreign investors flooding Ethiopia or the scarcity and safety of capital…when the foundation doesn’t exist? It sounded like building a house starting from the roof down. The problem with that scenario is there is nothing to hold the roof to build the rest of the house.
In his conclusion;
“The now industrialized countries transformed their economies in a fundamental way by changing their property relationship and uplifting their peasants first. By freeing land and their peasants, they laid the foundation for a democratic, middle class society. Thus, the question of freedom and democratic development in Ethiopia cannot be resolved without implementing a land reform that can end state monopoly and transfer land into private hands.”
The above statement sums up my argument of selective amnesia of putting the cart before the horse. The ‘now industrialized nations’, with the exception of the few weren’t peasant led agriculture commodity producing economies. In fact, most were too small to have enough land to grow food they were forced to search for land to grow food.   The important thing for free market and privatization wasn’t ownership of land nor capital but good governance and the presence of independent institutions to secure it in order to galvanize the local producers and investors to participate in confidence on many other ventures beyond growing food.
Having selective amnesia to the truth for whatever reason wouldn’t do us any good to build solid foundation for privatization and free market as the author suggested.
If the author is suggesting privatizing land under TPLF regime–after it leased most of productive land for itself and its corrupt cronies and foreign partners he might as well tell us to legitimize illegally held lands. In the other hand, if the author is arguing the importance of privatization in general, then, he should start recomading the right foundation i.e. the people’s government to come first so that we can sort out the legal from the illegal holdings in order to privatize not only land but everything else TPLF led regime and its corrupt cronies use to amass wealth.
He shouldn’t be afraid to say TPLF led regime isn’t only bad government but a bad business cartel that is into free loading (rent seeking) business including, grabbing public land it administer for itself and cronies. Therefore, it shouldn’t be seen as a government to initiate any meaningful reform or put the right policies let alone privatize land for the benefit of the people it use and abuses as a political pawns and cheap labor for its economics of extortion.
Here, is a good documentary to watch to understand the price of foreign investment on the wrong foundation of corrupt regimes like Woyane.  ‘How Many People Can Live on Planet Earth’ by Olivier De Schutter..
Thus, the author or any person and organization that recommend reform without addressing the problem of undemocratic rule must have selective amnesia to put the cart before the horse or have no clue how the ‘free market’ works. Free market doesn’t mean free for associates of the regime but for independent participants under impartial rule of law. It also has nothing to do with ‘an irrational fear and hatred of the free market system’ as the author insinuated. What is irrational is claiming free market is freebee for those connected with political power to have an open season as it is done in Ethiopia now.
In conclusion, noting good can come out of building on a rotten foundation.  The establishment of equitable system of governance that operates under the rule of law in democratic government is the first and only thing every living and breathing soul should demand for genuine development and equitable economy unless…they have other agenda.
That said, I respectfully urge the author not to waste time complicating matters further and use his knowledge and knowhow to help establish a democratic rule so that we can champion what he recommends than skirting the issue to sustain the status qua.
Rewiring the treacherous minds of TPLF/Woyane’s stooges is way overdue. But, the rest of us need an upgrade to think Ethiopia First — Democracy First. We can’t continue to have selective amnesia of putting the cart before the horse and expect results. There is no way out of the stalemate until we proactively and collectively confront Woyane  to surrender for democratic rule.

Is the decision to build railway line between Mekele and Djibouti a rational decision?

You can’t take the trains to Bo anymore!

by Ephrem Madebo
The diamond rich West African nation of Sierra Leone lost the fight to the encroaching British imperial forces and became a British colony in 1896. As Soon as the Brits set their foot on the soils of Freetown, they started roaming the interior of Serra Leone looking for wealth to be looted and exported to the United Kingdom. The nation of Sierra Leone was rich and there was much to be looted by the Brits, so much so that they quickly started building a railway from the capital Freetown to the interior.  Though the motive of the British for building the railway to the south was to rule Sierra Leone, by 1967 when the late Siaka Stevens won a close election and came to power, the railway was playing a crucial role in Sierra Leone’s economy transporting coffee, cocoa, and diamonds. Siaka Stevens was a Lumba, from the north, but the farmers who grew coffee and cocoa were Mende from the south, and the railway was Mendeland’s outlet to the world.
In the 1967 election that brought Siaka Stevens to power, the Mendeland voted hugely for the opposition Sierra Leone People’s party (SLPP).  When Siaka Stevens came to power, he was more interested in holding power than promoting Mendeland’s export economy. He thought what was good for the Mende was good for SLPP, and bad for Siaka Stevens. Hence, he pulled up the railway line to Mendeland and sold off the track.  By doing so, Siaka Stevens crippled one of the most vibrant sectors of Sierra Leone’s economy.  To Siaka Stevens, Lumba was Sierra Leone and Siera Leone was Lumba.
Why am I telling you a railway history of a West African nation? Well, it happens that right at this moment history is repeating itself in East Africa, not exactly the same history, but very similar. Just like the 1967 Sierra Leone was ruled by an ethno-centered rat, present day Ethiopia is ruled by similar ethno-centered rats that literally fought for seventeen years to loot and belittle Ethiopia. In the last three to four weeks, one of the most whispered buzzes in the Ethiopian traditional and social media circles was the $ 1.4 billion loan secured for the Harro Market railway project that stretches from Awash to Weldia. The estimated cost of the project is $3.2 billion ($1.7 billion from Awash to Weldia and $1.5 billion from Weldia to Mekele).  Why is this news a buzz or a concern to many Ethiopians? Well, to some the concern is simply why the train is going to Makele. To some, the concern is the train should not go anywhere but to Mekele (these are happy campers), yet to some the concern is why and how is Mekele selected for this massive project? Why not the Coffee rich Sidama, the resourceful Oromia, or the Grain belts of Gojam? 
To me, the concern is none of the above, or the naked “why” and “how” questions are not my cup of tea. My concern is – why and how is Mekle given priority to this very expensive (3.2 billion US) railway project? Does building a $3.2 billion railway line from Mekele to Djibouti give economic sense (especially when the current geographical resource distribution of Ethiopia is taken into account)? Is this an economic decision? All in all, why and how is Tigray given a priority for this massive railway project while the lion’s share of Ethiopia’s natural resources (potential and realized) are far from Tigray?  I’m pretty sure that almost all Ethiopians outside the hard core TPLF rats wish to see a network of railways that connect all corners of Ethiopia. In fact, to most Ethiopians, where the railways are built is insignificant as long as the location choice is a rational economic decision, or even a political decision to curb regional economic inequalities.
railway line between Mekele and Djibouti
Transport has affected economic development from the beginning of human civilization. Efficient transport is a critical component of economic development, globally and nationally. Transportation investments link factors of production together in a web of relationships between producers and consumers. Hence, it goes without saying that our country Ethiopia needs transportation, not just transportation, but a transportation revolution. Ethiopia’s current and future development efforts will not be complete without a web of transport networks that connect producers and consumers at the local, regional and national level. The essence of this article is not to emphasize on the role railways play in economic development, it is not to start a public discussion on the importance of rail transport to our country either.
The essence of this article is simple and crystal clear. As we have seen in the opening paragraphs, the regime in Ethiopia has secured a 3.2 billion US dollar loan to build a railway line between the Port of Tajura in Djibouti and Mekele, the capital of Tigray Regional State. The question raised in this article is not why the Regional State of Tigray gets a $ 3.2 billion railway project because I unreservedly believe that Tigray needs railway lines. The key question raised in this article is – what is the decision making process that the Ethiopian regime used to give Tigray this multi-billion dollar project? Given the same time, economic conditions and regional resources distribution, would a democratically elected government in Ethiopia award the $3.2 billion railway project to Tigray?   Why in the hell am I asking these questions?  Am I suspicious of nepotism or parochialism? You guessed it right, yes I am! The TPLF regime that ruled Ethiopia for the last 22 years has time and again showed me that in everything it does, it favors its power base [which is Tigray].

Ethiopia is a nation that has one of the least railway lines in the world. In fact, we would have been the only nation with no railway line had it not been to the far sighted Emperor Menelik who built the only railway line of the nation a century ago. These sour and hard to swallow facts tell us that every region in Ethiopia needs a railway system. But, Ethiopia does not have the capital, the technical skill nor the organizational capability to build railways for all of its regions. Therefore, heavy investment projects, such as transportation and hydropower investment projects, as important as they are, they cannot be allocated or awarded to every region of the country at the same time.  

Given the limited quantity of saving or investment funds in most developing countries, the question of where and how to allocate investment funds has perennially been a hard question to answer. In fact, the answer becomes even harder when the countries in question are divided along ethnic, religious and linguistic lines. I have no problem if the federal government in Ethiopia uses discretionary polices to redistribute infrastructure investments from one region to another. However, such actions should not be random actions. There should always be economic or political motivations behind such actions.

So what was the motivation of the TPLF regime when it allocated a 3.2 billion dollar railway project to its power base of Tigray?  Was it political, economic, curbing regional inequalities, or parochialism? Well, I really don’t know the correct answer, but I know for sure that the answer is not “none of the above”, it is not all of the above either. I can say with absolute certainty that the decision to build railway line between Djibouti and Mekele is not an economic decision. If it was an economic decision that meant to benefit Ethiopia as a nation, then the 3.2 billion dollar project should have been allocated somewhere else where the project’s economic rate of return (aka internal rate of return) is the highest. 

The facilitation of long distance transport of bulky goods that are not easily transported through motor vehicles is one of the advantages of railways. Current and past economic maps of Ethiopia clearly show that Tigray is not the nation’s source of bulk agricultural exports, and of course, Tigray is not a typical source of industrial raw materials. So why did the TPLF regime make Tigray the destination of a multibillion dollar railway project? 

Obviously, in developing countries sometimes key investment decisions are made for the sole purpose of curbing regional economic/income disparities. But, there is no reason what so ever to believe that this is the case in the decision of the TPLF regime to award Tigray a 3.2 billion dollar railway project. Because there are regions in Ethiopia that are visibly less developed than Tigray. These are regions forgotten by all successive regimes including the current regime. I say this because to me, allowing people to sing & dance is different than letting people be free to lead their life.

The increasing constraints of financing transport infrastructure projects forces governments at regional and national level  to critically evaluate alternatives before allocating investment funds for infrastructure projects. Among many things, this includes project evaluation techniques. The TPLF regime should not be an exception to this rule. In fact, faced with acute financial constraints, and as a nation that boasts to have built a just and equal federal structure, Ethiopia must be extra vigilant and must use project appraisal evaluation methods to allocate its resources in a way that maximizes their net return to the nation.
I strongly believe that this important economic rationale was bulldozed or was not honored when the TPLF regime allocated the 3.2 billion US dollar massive railway project to Tigray.  So again, the question here is not why the project was awarded to Tigray, but how it was awarded. Let’s not forget that 3.2 billion dollar (57.6 billion birr in current exchange rate) is a huge burden on current and future generation Ethiopian tax payers. One can assume that the Harro Market railway project and the positive spillovers of the project will eventually pay for the project. Well, maybe yes – maybe not, and the key question is not whether the project pays for itself or not. The relevant question here is – what if the 3.2 billion dollar was used in another place for another or similar project, or simply what if the 3.2 billion dollar was used in a more efficient way?  The answer is straight forward, in this case, the project not only pays for itself, but it can generate capital for more projects in a much shorter time than the Harro Market Project.
Feed the future Ethiopia activities by Administrative ZonesAgricultural growth project, Ethiopia
Tigray is the cradle of Ethiopian civilization, and it’s home to the original black Christian Church. Tigray is home of ancient worrior kings, emperors, maritime merchants, monks and popes, and big time composers like Saint Yared who wrote soothing music notes centuries before the world knew about Mozart and the Bach brothers. The marriage of Ethiopia and Tigray is natural and inseparable because everytime we go back in time and trace the state of Ethiopia we always end up in Tigray. But, this article is not about Tigray, it is about Ethiopia that includes Tigray. What is good for Ethiopia is always good for Tigray, and of course what is good for Tigray is also good for the rest of Ethiopia as long as it is acted upon with good heart and impartiality.

Two of the three  maps embedded in this article show the geographical resource distribution of Ethiopia. These maps are produced by the Ethiopian mapping agency in cooperation with foreign mapping agencies. These maps carry invaluable information for federal and state governments in Ethiopia, private investors, aid organiation, international development agencies and foreign and domestic finanacial instituions. For example, the Ethiopian government can use these maps for developing agicultural, industrial, and infrastructure polcy initiatives. The maps clearly show where the concentration of the nations’s manufacturing industries and agricultural belts are.  Had the TPLF regime visited these maps before it made decision on the 3.2 billion dollar railway project, it would have made an informed decision that benfits the entire nation.

Among many other things, transport infrastructure facilites like railways are built to connect the following sites (in a triangular scheme): raw material centers, manufacturing centers and market/consumer centers. I don’t know what the future holds, but as of now, Tigray looks like more of a net consumer to me in this triangular relationship. So if Tigray is not the source of raw material to the nation’s manufacturing sector, if it is not the grain belt of the nation, and if it does not produce the nation’s export commodities, then why is it awarded a 3:2 billion dollar railway project?

One of the responsibilities of governments is to build strong transportation network that facilitates inter-regional trade and fosters national economic development. Since balanced economic development is one of the goals of central governments, the federal government in Ethiopia has no business of favoring any particular region. Its investment decisions at the federal level must follow proper investment fund allocation criteria. Whenever the federal government falls short of the established project evaluation criteria and makes parochial or questionable investment decisions, the Ethiopian tax payers have the right to question if their money is used in the most efficient way. This article is written on the behalf of all Ethiopian tax payers who get killed or end up in Kality if they ask such questions.
ebini23@yahoo.com

แ‹จแŠ แ‹ฒแˆฒแ‰ฑ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฉแ‹ฝแ‹ซ แ‹จแŒ‹แˆซ แŠ•แ‰…แŠ“แ‰„ แˆŠแ‰€แˆ˜แŠ•แ‰ แˆญ แŠ แ‰ถ แŠฆแ‰ฃแŠ•แŒ แˆœแ‰ถ แ‹จ3 แ‰€แŠ• แ‰†แ‹ญแ‰ณ แ‰ แŠ–แˆญแ‹Œ


แ‹จแˆบแˆ€แˆจแŒ แ‰ แ‰€แˆˆ (แŠ–แˆญแ‹Œ)
Obang Metho in Norway
แ‰ฐแ‹ˆแ‹ณแŒ แ‹จแˆฐแ‰ฅแŠ แ‹Š แˆ˜แ‰ฅแ‰ต แ‰ฐแŠจแˆซแŠซแˆชแŠ“ แ‹จแŠ แ‹ฒแˆฒแ‰ฑ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฉแŒตแ‹ซ แ‹จแŒ‹แˆซ แŠ•แ‰…แŠ“แ‰„ แˆŠแ‰€แˆ˜แŠ•แ‰ แˆญ แŠ แ‰ถ แŠฆแ‰ฃแŠ•แŒ แˆœแ‰ถ แ‰ 8-2-2014 แ‰ แŠ–แˆญแ‹Œ แŠฆแˆตแˆŽ แ‰ แˆ˜แŒˆแŠ˜แ‰ต แŠจแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฉแ‹ฝแ‹ซแ‹‰แ‹ซแŠ• แ‹จแˆตแ‹ฐแ‰ฐแŠžแ‰ฝ แˆ›แˆ•แ‰ แˆญ แˆตแˆซ แŠ แˆตแˆแŒปแˆš แŠฎแˆšแ‰ด แŒ‹แˆญ แ‰ แŠ–แˆญแ‹Œ แˆตแˆˆแˆšแŒˆแŠ˜แ‹ แŒฅแŒˆแŠแАแ‰ต แŒ แ‹ซแ‰‚ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแ‹ฝแ‹ซแ‹Š แ‹จแˆฐแ‰ฅ แŠ แ‹Š แˆ˜แ‰ฅแ‰ต แŠ แ‹ซแ‹ซแ‹ แˆแŠ”แ‰ณ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹ญแˆ… แŒฅแŒˆแŠแАแ‰ต แŒ แ‹ซแ‰‚ แ‰ แŠ–แˆญแ‹Œ แˆแŠ• แ‹ซแˆ…แˆ แ‰ฐแ‰€แ‰ฃแ‹ญแАแ‰ต แŠ แˆˆแ‹ แ‰ แˆšแˆˆแ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆฐแ‹ แ‹ซแˆˆ แ‹แ‹ญแ‹ญแ‰ต แŠ แ‹ตแˆญแŒˆแ‹‹แˆ።
แ‰ แ‰ฐแŒจแˆ›แˆชแˆ แŠ แ‰ถ แŠฆแ‰ฃแŠ•แŒ แ‰ 9-2-2014 แ‰ แˆณแ‹แ‹ต แŠ แˆจแ‰ขแ‹ซ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒŽแ‹ฑ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฉแŒตแ‹ซแ‹แ‹ซแŠ• แ‹ˆแŒˆแŠ–แ‰ปแ‰ฝแŠ•แŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แˆญแ‹ณแ‰ต แ‰ แ‰ฐแ‹˜แŒ‹แŒ€แ‹ แ‹จแŒˆแŠ•แ‹˜แ‰ฅ แˆ›แˆฐแ‰ฃแˆฐแ‰ขแ‹ซ แ•แˆฎแŒแˆซแˆ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠฅแŠ› แˆตแŠ•แˆฐแ‰ƒแ‹ญ แŠ แˆœแˆชแŠซ แ‹แˆ แ‰ฅแˆ‹ แ‹ญแˆ†แŠ“แˆ ፣แŠฅแŠ› แˆตแŠ•แˆฐแ‰ƒแ‹ญ แ‹จแŠ แ‹แˆฎแ“ แˆ•แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ต แˆแŠ•แˆ แŠ แˆ‹แˆˆ แ‹ญแˆ†แŠ“แˆ แ‹จแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฉแŒตแ‹ซ แŠ แˆแˆ‹แŠญ แŒแŠ• แŠจแŠ› แŒ‹แˆญ แАแ‹ แ‰ แˆšแˆ แˆแ‰ฅ แ‹จแˆšแŠ•แŠซ แАแŒˆแˆญ แ‰ฐแŠ“แŒแˆจแ‹‹แˆ።
แ‰ แ‰ฐแŒจแˆ›แˆชแˆ แŠ แ‰ถ แŠฆแ‰ฃแŠ•แŒ แ‰ 10-2-2014 แ‰ แŠ–แˆญแ‹Œ แŒฅแŒˆแŠแАแ‰ต แ‰ แŒ แ‹จแ‰ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแ‹ฝแ‹ซแ‹Š แ‹ˆแŒˆแŠ–แ‰ปแ‰ธแ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆตแˆ‹แˆˆแ‹ แ‹จแˆฐแ‰ฅ แŠ แ‹Š แˆ˜แ‰ฅแ‰ต แŠ แ‹ซแ‹ซแ‹ แŠฅแŠ“ แˆแŠ• แ‹ซแˆ…แˆ แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‹ซแ‰ธแ‹ แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ณแ‹จ แАแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแˆˆแ‹แŠ• แ‰ แˆ›แŠ•แˆณแ‰ต แŠจLandinfo แŠฅแŠ“ NOAS(norsk organisation for asylsรธkere) แŒ‹แˆญ แ‰ แˆฐแŠแ‹ แ‹แ‹ญแ‹ญแ‰ต แŠ แˆญแŒˆแ‹‹แˆ።
แ‰ แ‰ฐแŒจแˆ›แˆชแˆ แŠ แ‰ถ แŠฆแ‰ฃแŠ•แŒ แ‰ แˆแŒˆแˆซแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแ‹ฝแ‹ซ แ‹จแˆฐแ‰ฃแ‹Š แˆ˜แ‰ฅแ‰ต แˆจแŒˆแŒฃแ‹ แŠ แˆแŠ•แˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแ‰€แŒ แˆˆ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แŠ• แŒˆแˆแ€แ‹ แ‰ แŠ–แˆญแ‹Œ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแŠ™ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซแ‹‰แ‹ซแŠ•แˆ แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ•แŠ• แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฃแŒˆแАแŠ• แ‹˜แˆจแŠ› แ‹จแ‹ˆแ‹ซแŠ” แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แˆˆแˆ˜แŒฃแˆ แ‰ แˆšแ‹ฐแˆจแŒˆแ‹ แ‰ตแŒแˆ แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹‹แŒพ แŠฅแ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ‰ แˆตแˆˆแˆ†แА แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹ˆแ‹ซแŠ”แˆ แˆฐแˆ‹แ‹ฎแ‰นแŠ• แŠ แˆฐแˆ›แˆญแ‰ถ แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แŠฅแ‹จแˆฐแ‰ แˆฐแ‰  แˆตแˆˆแˆ†แА แ‰ขแˆ˜แˆˆแˆต แŠ แ‹ฐแŒ‹ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆญแˆตแ‰ แ‰ณแˆ แ‰ แˆ›แˆแ‰ต แŒˆแˆแ€แ‹‰แˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹‹แˆ።
Obang Metho Solidarity Movement for New Ethiopia (SMNE) chairman in Norway
แ‹จแˆ˜แˆ‹แ‹ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแ‹ฝแ‹ซ แˆตแ‹ฐแ‰ฐแŠžแ‰ฝ แˆ›แˆ…แ‰ แˆญ แ‰ แŠ–แˆญแ‹Œ แˆตแˆซ แŠ แˆตแˆแŒปแˆš แŠฎแˆšแ‰ดแˆ แ‹จแ‹˜แˆจแŠ›แ‹ แ‹ˆแ‹ซแŠ” แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แ‰ฐแˆฐแ‹ฐแŠ• แ‰ฃแˆˆแŠ•แ‰ แ‰ตแˆ แŠ–แˆญแ‹Œ แˆฐแˆ‹แ‹ฎแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠฅแ‹จแˆ‹แŠจ แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แ‹ญแˆฐแ‰ แˆตแ‰ฃแˆ፣แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‹ซแ‰ฝแŠ•แˆ แ‰ แˆšแŒˆแ‰ฃ แˆตแˆˆแˆ›แ‹ญแ‰ณ แ‹จแŒคแŠ“ แˆ˜แ‰ณแ‹ˆแŠญ แŠฅแ‹จแ‹ฐแˆจแˆฐแ‰ฅแŠ• แАแ‹‰ แŠจ2 แŠ”แŒŒแ‰ฒแ‰ญ แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠ แˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰ฃแˆˆ แ‰ฐแŒˆแ‰ขแ‹ แ‹จแŒคแŠ“ แŠญแ‰ตแ‰ตแˆแˆ แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆจแŒแˆแŠ•แˆ แ‰ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‰…แˆฌแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แŠจแŒˆแˆˆแ แ‰ แˆแ‹‹แˆ‹ แ‹จแŠ‘แ‹‹แˆต แ‰ฐแ‹ˆแŠซแ‹ญ แ‹จแˆ†แŠ‘แ‰ต แŒ†แŠ• แŠกแˆ‹ แ‰ แŠ–แˆญแ‹Œ แŠจแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซแ‹แ‹ซแŠ• แˆตแ‹ฐแ‰ฐแŠžแ‰ฝ แˆ›แˆ•แ‰ แˆญ แ‹จแˆตแˆซ แŠ แˆตแˆแƒแˆš แŠฎแˆšแ‰ด แŒ‹แˆญ แ‰ฐแŒˆแŠ“แŠแ‰ฐแ‹ แ‰ แˆ˜แАแŒ‹แŒˆแˆญ แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‹ฉ แˆˆแŒ€แˆตแ‰ตแˆต แˆšแŠ•แˆตแ‰ตแˆญ แ‹จแˆšแ‰€แˆญแ‰ฅแ‰ แ‰ตแŠ• แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต แˆˆแˆ›แˆ˜แ‰ปแ‰ธแ‰ต แŠฎแˆšแ‰ดแ‹แŠ• แˆŒแˆ‹ แˆตแ‰ฅแˆฐแ‰ฃ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแŒ แˆฉ แ‰ แˆ˜แŒแˆˆแŒฝ แˆตแ‰ฅแˆฐแ‰ฃแ‹ แŠ แŒ แŠ“แ‰€แ‹‹แˆ።
แŠ แ‰ถ แŠฆแ‰ฃแŠ•แŒแˆ แ‹จแŠ–แˆญแ‹Œ แ‰†แ‹ญแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แŒจแˆญแˆฐแ‹‰ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆแˆฐแ‹‹แˆ።
แ‹จแˆตแ‹ฐแ‰ฐแŠ› แˆ›แˆ…แ‰ แˆฉ แŠฎแˆšแ‰ดแˆ แŠ แ‰ถ แŠฆแ‰ฃแŠ•แŒ แ‰ แ‹จแŒŠแ‹œแ‹ แˆˆแˆ•แ‹แ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แˆ˜แ‰ฅแ‰ต แˆ˜แŒ แ‰ แ‰… แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ตแˆญแŒ‰แ‰ตแŠ• แ‰ตแŒแˆ แ‰ แˆ›แ‹ตแАแ‰… แˆแˆตแŒ‹แŠ“ แŠฅแŠ“ แŠ แ‹ตแŠ“แ‰†แ‰ต แ‰ธแˆจแ‹‹แ‰ธแ‹‹แˆ።
แˆˆแ‰ฐแŒ แŠ“แ‰€แˆจแ‹ แˆชแ–แˆญแ‰ต แ‹จแˆบแˆ€แˆจแŒ แ‰ แ‰€แˆˆ
แŠจแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒฒแ‹ซ แˆตแ‹ฐแ‰ฐแŠžแ‰ฝ แˆ›แˆ…แ‰ แˆญ แ‰ แŠ–แˆญแ‹Œ

แ‹จแˆณแ‹แ‹ฒ แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‹ญ … แˆฐแ‰ แˆญ แ‹จแˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แŒแ‰ฅแŠ แ‰ต (แАแ‰ฅแ‹ฉ แˆฒแˆซแŠญ)


แ‹จแŒ…แ‹ณ แ‰†แŠ•แˆตแˆ แˆ˜แˆตแˆชแ‹ซ แ‰คแ‰ต แŠ‹แˆ‹แŠ แ‰†แŠ•แˆตแˆ แŒ€แŠ”แˆซแˆ แŠ แ‰ถ แ‹˜แАแ‰  แŠจแ‰ แ‹ฐ แŠจแŠƒแˆ‹แŠแАแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ฐแАแˆฑ !
* แ‰ตแŠ“แŠ•แ‰ต แˆจแ‹แ‹ฑ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ แŒˆแ‹ฐแˆแ‹ณแˆœ “แŒ‰แˆแ‰ป แ‰ขแ‰€แ‹ซแ‹จแˆญ …” แ‰ฅแˆˆแŠ• แ‹ซแŠ•แˆนแŠซแˆพแŠญแАแ‹ แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แ‰ฐแˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒ  !
* แˆˆแŒŠแ‹œแ‹ แ‰†แŠ•แˆตแˆ แŒ€แŠ”แˆซแˆ‰แŠ• แ‰ฐแŠญแ‰ฐแ‹ แ‰ แŒŠแ‹œแ‹ซแ‹ŠแАแ‰ต แ‰†แŠ•แˆตแˆ แˆ˜แˆตแˆชแ‹ซ แ‰คแ‰ฑแŠ• แˆˆแ‰€แŒฃแ‹ญ แˆแˆˆแ‰ต แ‹ˆแˆซแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ณแ‹ตแˆฉแ‰ต แ‰ แ‰†แˆซแŒฅ แŠ แˆ˜แˆซแˆซแˆญ แ‰ฅแ‰ƒแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆฐแŒˆแŠ‘แ‰ต แ‰†แŠ•แˆตแˆ แˆธแˆชแ แŠจแ‹ญแˆฉ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แˆ แ‰ฐแ‰ฅแˆแˆ ።Ato Zenabe Kebda
* แ‰†แŠ•แˆตแˆ แŒ€แŠ”แˆซแˆ แŠ แ‰ถ แ‹˜แАแ‰  แŠจแ‰ แ‹ฐ แ‰ตแŠ“แАแ‰ต แˆแˆฝแ‰ต แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‹ฉแŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แˆณแ‹ˆแ‰… แ‹จแŠขแˆ…แŠ แ‹ดแŒ แ‹ตแˆญแŒ…แ‰ต แŠ แ‰ฃแˆ‹แ‰ต แˆตแ‰ฅแˆฐแ‰ฃ แŒ แˆญแ‰ฐแ‹ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแАแ‰ แˆญแŠ“ แŠ แ‰ฅแ‹›แŠ›แ‹ แŠ แˆˆแˆ˜แŒˆแŠ˜แ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ณแ‹แ‰‹แˆ። แ‹ตแˆญแŒ…แ‰ต แŠ แ‰ฃแˆ‹แ‰ต แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ญแˆ แŠจแŒŽแŠ“แ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ญแŒ แ‰ แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆฉแ‰ต แ‰ฐแŒฝแ‹•แŠ– แˆแŒฃแˆช แ‹จแˆ…แ‹ˆแˆƒแ‰ต แŠ แ‰ฃแˆ‹แ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แŠณ แŠ แˆแ‰ฐแŒˆแŠ™แˆ แ‰ฐแ‰ฅแˆแˆ።
* แŠ แ‰ถ แ‹˜แАแ‰  แŠจแ‰ แ‹ฐ แ‰ แ‰†แŠ•แˆตแˆ‰ แ‹™แˆชแ‹ซ แ‹จแˆ…แ‹ˆแˆƒแ‰ต แŠ แ‰ฃแˆ‹แ‰ตแŠ• แŠ แˆแ‰ฃแŒˆแАแŠ•แАแ‰ตแŠ• แ‰ แˆ›แ‹แˆจแ‹ตแŠ“ แ‰ แˆ›แ‰€แ‹แ‰€แ‹ ፣ แ‰ แˆ™แˆตแŠ“ ፣ แ‰ แ‹ตแˆˆแˆ‹ ፣ แ‰ แˆ›แŒญแ‰ แˆญแ‰ แˆญ แˆตแˆซ แ‰ แ‰†แŠ•แˆตแˆ‰ แ‹™แˆชแ‹ซ แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆฉแ‰ตแŠ• แ‰ แˆ›แŒฅแ‹แ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ แˆŒแ‰ฅแАแ‰ต แŠ แŠซแ‰ฃแ‰ขแ‹แŠ• แ‰ แˆ›แŒฝแ‹ณแ‰ต แ‹ญแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰ƒแˆ‰።
* แˆ…แŒ แŠ แ‹‹แ‰‚ แˆ†แАแ‹ แ‰ แˆ…แŒ แˆ›แ‹•แ‰€แ แ‹จแˆ˜แŒก แ‹œแŒŽแ‰ฝ แŒแ แˆฒแˆแŒธแˆแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ แˆ˜แŠจแˆ‹แŠจแˆ‰ แ‹จแˆจแ‰ฃ แˆตแˆซ แŠ แˆแˆฐแˆฉแˆ แ‹จแˆแˆ‹แ‰ฝ แˆƒแˆ‹แŠแ‹ แˆตแˆแŒฃแŠ• แŠจแ‰ฐแˆจแŠจแ‰ก แ‹ˆแ‹ฒแˆ… แˆถแˆตแ‰ต แŠจแ‰ฃแ‰ฃแ‹ต แ‹จแˆ…แ‹แ‰ฅ แˆ›แ‹•แ‰ แˆ แ‹จแ‰ฐแАแˆณแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แˆแ‰ฐแŠ“แ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แŒฝแŠ“แ‰ตแŠ“ แ‰ แ‰†แˆซแŒฅ แŠ แˆ˜แˆซแˆซแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹ตแˆ แАแˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ แˆ›แˆˆแ‹แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แŠ แ‹แ‰ƒแˆˆแˆ። แˆƒแˆ‹แŠแ‹ แ‰ แŠ แŠ•แŒปแˆฉ แ‰ แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แˆแ‹แ‹แŒฅ แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ซแˆแŠ‘ แแ‰ตแˆƒแ‹Š แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘ แˆณแ‹ญแˆ†แŠ• แ‰ แŒแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แˆ‹แˆ˜แŠ‘แ‰ แ‰ต แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‹ญ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแˆซแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‹จแˆšแˆฐแŒก แŠ‹แˆ‹แŠ แАแ‰ แˆฉ ።
* แŠ แ‰ถ แ‹˜แАแ‰  แŠจแ‰ แ‹ฐ แ‰ แˆณแ‹แ‹ฒ แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แˆƒแˆ‹แŠแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹˜แŠ•แ‹ต แŠญแ‰ฅแˆญ แ‹จแˆšแˆฐแŒฃแ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ แŠ แˆ›แˆญแŠ›แˆ แˆฒแŠ“แŒˆแˆฉ แ‹ˆแŒ‹แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แˆตแˆจแ‹ณแ‰ต แ‰ฐแˆจแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‰ แ‹™ ፣ แŠจแ‹šแˆ… แ‰ แŠแ‰ต แŠจแАแ‰ แˆฉแ‰ต แŠƒแˆ‹แŠแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ•แŒแˆŠแ‹แŠ› แŠ แ‰€แˆ‹แŒฅแˆแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแŠ“แŒˆแˆฉ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ฐแ‰ แ‰ฐ แˆญแ‰ฑแ‹• แŒแˆญแˆ› แˆžแŒˆแˆต แ‹ซแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ ፣ แ‰ แŠ แˆˆแ‰ฃแ‰ แˆณแ‰ธแ‹ แŒธแ‹ณ แ‹ซแˆ‰ แ‰ตแŠญแŠญแˆˆแŠ› แ‹จแŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆƒแŒˆแˆญ แ‹ฒแ•แˆŽแˆ›แ‰ต แŠญแ‰ฅแˆญแŠ• แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒŽแŠ“แŒธแ‰ แŠƒแˆ‹แŠ แАแ‰ แˆฉ ።
* แŠจแŒแˆ›แˆฝ แˆšแˆŠแ‹ฎแŠ• แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ซแŠ•แˆฑ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซแ‹แ‹ซแŠ• แ‹จแŠฎแŠ•แ‰ตแˆซแ‰ต แˆฐแˆซแ‰ฐแŠžแ‰ฝ แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‰แ‰ต แˆถแˆตแ‰ตแŠ“ แŠ แˆซแ‰ต แŠ แˆ˜แ‰ณแ‰ต แ‹จแŒˆแ‰ก แˆฒแˆ†แА แŠฎแŠ•แ‰ตแˆซแ‰ต แˆฐแˆซแ‰ฐแŠžแ‰ฝ แˆตแˆˆแˆ˜แŒกแ‰ แ‰ต แ‹แˆ แŠ แ‰ถ แ‹˜แАแ‰  แ‰ แŒ€แˆญแˆ˜แŠ• แˆซแ‹ฒแ‹ฎ แ‹แ‹ญแ‹ญแ‰ต แ•แˆฎแŒแˆซแˆ แ‰ฐแŒ แ‹ญแ‰€แ‹ แ‰ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซแŠ“ แ‰ แˆณแ‹แ‹ฒ แ‰ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แˆ˜แŠซแŠจแˆ แ‹จแˆแˆˆแ‰ตแ‹ฎแˆฝ แ‹จแˆตแˆซแ‰ฐแŠ› แˆแ‹แ‹แŒฅ แˆตแˆแˆแАแ‰ต แŠ แŠ•แ‹ฐแˆŒแˆˆ แ‰ แŒแˆ‹แŒญ แ‹จแАแŒˆแˆฉแŠ• แŠ€แˆ‹แŠแˆ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹ ።
* แŠ แ‰ถ แ‹˜แАแ‰  แŠจแ‰ แ‹ฐ แŠจแ‹šแˆ… แ‰ แŠแ‰ต แ‰ แ‰†แŠ•แˆตแˆ‰ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆจแ‹แŠ• แ‹จแ‰ แŠจแ‰ฐ แ‰ขแˆฎแŠญแˆซแˆฒแŠ“ แŠข แแ‰ตแˆƒแ‹Š แŠ แˆ˜แˆซแˆญ แ‰ แŠ แ‹ฐแ‰ฃแ‰ฃแ‹ญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŠ“แŒˆแˆฉ แ‹ฐแ‹แˆญแˆ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹። แАแ‹‹แˆชแ‹ แ‰ แŒแ‹ณแŒ… แˆแŠ•แˆ แ‹จแŒˆแŠ•แ‹˜แ‰ฅ แˆ˜แ‹‹แŒฎ แˆฒแŒ แ‹ญแ‰ แ‹ซแˆแ‰ฐแˆฐแˆ™ ፣ แŠฎแˆšแŠ’แ‰ฒแ‹ แ‹ซแˆแˆ†แА แˆแŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต แˆฒแˆ„แ‹ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐ แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŒ แ‰ฃแ‰‚แАแ‰ต แŠข แแ‰ตแˆƒแ‹Š แŠ แŠซแˆ”แ‹ฑแŠ• แŠฅแ‹ซแ‹ฉ แˆฒแ‹ซแˆแ‰แˆ แ‰ณแ‹ญแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆ። แˆˆแ‹šแˆ… แ‰ฐแŒ แ‰ƒแˆน แ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ต แ‰คแ‰ฑ แ‰ แŠฎแˆšแŠ’แ‰ฒแ‹ แˆˆแŠจแ‹ แŠ แ‹ฐแŒ‹ แˆฒแ‹Žแ‹ตแ‰… แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆˆแŠจแ‰ฑแ‰ แ‰ต แŠ แŠซแˆ”แ‹ต แˆฒแˆ†แŠ• แ‰ แˆ˜แŒจแˆจแˆปแ‹ แˆฐแŠ แ‰ต แŒˆแ‰ฅแ‰ฐแ‹ 120 แˆฝแˆ… แ‹จแˆณแ‹แ‹ฒ แˆชแ‹ซแˆ แŠจแ‹แˆญแŠแ‹ซ แŠ แ‹ณแŠ•แŠฉ แ‰ฅแˆˆแ‹ แ‰ขแАแŒแˆฉแŠ•แˆ แ‹›แˆฌ แ‹ตแˆจแˆต แ‹จ3000 แ‰ณแ‹ณแŒŠแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ“ แ‹จ200 แˆ˜แˆแˆ…แˆซแŠ•แŠ“ แˆฐแˆซแ‰ฐแŠžแ‰ฝ แ‹ซแ‰€แˆแ‹ แˆ˜แˆ˜แŠชแ‹ซแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ แŒ…แ‹ณ แ‹จแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซแ‹แ‹ซแŠ• แŠ แˆˆแˆ แŠ แ‰€แ แ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ต แ‰คแ‰ฑแŠ• แŠจแŠ แ‹ฐแŒ‹ แŠ แˆ‹แ‹ˆแŒกแ‰ตแˆ ። แ‹ซแˆ แˆ†แŠ– แˆˆแ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ต แ‰คแ‰ฑ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹แˆจแŠจแˆจแŠจ แŠ แˆฐแˆซแˆญ แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ตแ‹จแ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰ฃแˆ‰ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ณแŠ•แ‹ต แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ณแ‹Š แˆˆแ‹แŒฆแ‰ฝแŠ• แŒแŠ• แ‰ แ‰…แˆญแ‰ฅ แ‰ฐแŠ•แ‰€แˆณแ‰…แˆฐแ‹ แŠ แˆแŒฅแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆ!
* แŠ แ‰ถ แ‹˜แАแ‰  แŠจแ‰ แ‹ฐ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆญแˆณแ‰ธแ‹ แŒŠแ‹œแ‹ซแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แˆณแ‹ญแŒจแˆญแˆฑ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐ แŠฅแˆญแˆณแ‰ธแ‹ แŠจแˆตแˆแŒฃแŠ• แ‹จแ‰ฐแАแˆฑแ‰ตแŠ• แŠ แˆแ‰ฃแˆณแ‹ฐแˆญ แˆ˜แˆญแ‹‹แŠ•แŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ 12 แŠ แˆ˜แ‰ต แ‹จแŒ…แ‹ณแŠ• แ‰†แŠ•แˆตแˆ แŠ แŠ•แ‰€แŒฅแ‰…แŒ แ‹ แ‹จแˆ˜แˆฉแ‰ต แ‹จแˆ…แ‹ˆแˆƒแ‰ต แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แˆฐแ‹ แŠ แˆแ‰ฃแˆณแ‹ฐแˆญ แ‰ฐแŠญแˆˆ แŠ แ‰ฅ แŠจแ‰ แ‹ฐแŠ• แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ณแ‹ฐแˆญ แ‰ฅแˆแˆน แŠ แŠซแˆ”แ‹ต แ‰ฅแ‰ป แˆณแ‹ญแˆ†แŠ• แ‹จแ‰†แŠ•แˆตแˆ‰แŠ• แˆฐแˆซแ‰ฐแŠžแ‰ฝ แ‰ แŠ แ‹ฐแ‰ฃแ‰ฃแ‹ญ แˆ˜แˆ˜แŠ•แ‰€แ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ แŠขแˆ…แŠ แ‹ดแŒ แ‹จแ‹ตแˆญแŒ…แ‰ต แŠ แ‰ฃแˆ‹แ‰ตแŠ“ แ‰ แˆฐแˆซแ‰ฐแŠžแ‰ฝ แ‹˜แŠ•แ‹ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆแˆฉ แˆฒแ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แˆˆแ‹›แˆฌ แŠจแˆตแˆแŒฃแŠ“แ‰ธแ‹ แˆ˜แАแˆณแ‰ตแˆ แ‹จแˆ…แ‹ˆแˆƒแ‰ต แŠ แ‰ฃแˆ‹แ‰ต แ‰ฐแŒฝแ‹•แŠ– แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแˆˆแ‰ แ‰ต แˆซแˆณแ‰ธแ‹ แˆ…แ‹ˆแˆƒแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŠฅแ‹จแАแŒˆแˆฉแŠ• แАแ‹። แ‰ตแŠ“แŠ•แ‰ต แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฃแˆณแ‹ฐแˆญ แˆ˜แˆญแ‹‹แŠ•แŠ• แŠจแˆตแˆแŒฃแŠ• แ‰ แˆ›แˆตแАแˆณแ‰ฑ แˆจแ‹ฅแˆ แŠฅแŒ… แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆซแ‰ธแ‹ แˆ…แ‹Žแˆƒแ‰ตแŠ• แŒจแˆแˆฎ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰€แˆฉแ‰ต แ‹จแŠขแˆ…แŠ แ‹ฒแŒ แŠ แ‰ฃแˆ แ‹ตแˆญแŒ…แ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‹›แˆฌแˆ แ‰ แ‹แŒญ แŒ‰แ‹ณ แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แˆƒแˆ‹แŠแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ฐแŒฝแ‹•แŠ– แˆแŒฃแˆชแАแ‰ต แ‰ แŒˆแˆƒแ‹ต แˆ›แˆณแ‹ซแ‹ แ‰€แ‹ตแˆแ‹ แ‹จแАแŒˆแˆฉแŠ• แŠฅแ‹จแ‹ฐแˆจแˆฐ แˆ›แ‹จแ‰ต แˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆซแ‰ฝแŠ• แАแ‹ ! แ‹›แˆฌแˆ แˆ›แŠ• แˆŠแˆ˜แŒฃ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฝแˆˆแ‹ แˆƒแˆ‹แŠ แ‹จแ‹ฒแ•แˆŽแˆ›แˆฒแ‹ซแ‹Š แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ณแ‹ฐแˆญ แ‰ฅแ‰ƒแ‰ต แˆณแ‹ญแˆ†แŠ• แŠ แАแŒฃแŒฅแˆฎ แ‰ฐแŠณแˆฝแАแ‰ฑแŠ“ แ‹จแ‹‹แˆˆแ‰ แ‰ตแŠ• แ‹จแŒฆแˆญ แŠ แ‹แ‹ตแˆ› แ‹ตแˆจแˆต แ‰ แŠ แ‹ตแŠ“แ‰†แ‰ต แ‹จแˆ…แ‹ˆแˆƒแ‰ต แŠซแ‹ตแˆฌแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹ญแАแŒแˆฉแŠ• แŒ€แˆแˆจแ‹‹แˆ።
แˆ˜แ‹แŒŠแ‹ซ …
แˆˆแˆ˜แ‹แŒŠแ‹ซ ፣ แˆˆแˆ˜แ‹ฐแˆแ‹ฐแˆšแ‹ซ แ‹ซแˆ…แˆ แ‰ตแŠ“แŠ•แ‰ต แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒแ‹ แŠจแˆแŒฃแ‹ฑ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐ แ‹ˆแŒฃ แˆตแˆฐแˆ› แ‹ซแŒซแ‹ˆแŒฅแŠณแ‰ฝแˆ แŠ แŒญแˆญ แŒˆแ‹ฐแˆแ‹ณแˆœ แ‹ˆแŒ แˆ˜แ‹แŒŠแ‹ซ แˆ˜แ‹ฐแˆแ‹ฐแˆแ‹ฐแˆšแ‹ซ แˆ‹แ‹ตแˆญแŒ …
แŒ‰แˆแ‰ป แ‰ขแ‰€แ‹ซแ‹จแˆญ …
แŠจแˆจแ‹แ‹ต แŠฅแˆตแŠจ แ‰€แ‰ตแˆญ ( แ‰ตแŠ“แŠ•แ‰ต แˆ›แŠญแˆฐแŠž แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘ แАแ‹) แŠ แŠ•แ‹ฑ แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹จ แŠ แ‰…แŒฃแŒซ แŠฅแ‹šแˆ…แˆ แŠฅแ‹šแ‹ซแˆ แ‹ฐแˆจแˆฐแŠ ፣ แ‰ แˆนแŠญแˆนแŠญแ‰ณ แˆตแˆฐแˆ›แ‹ แ‹จแˆฐแАแ‰ แ‰ตแŠฉแ‰ตแŠ• แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แŠฅแ‹แАแ‰ตแАแ‰ต แˆˆแˆ›แˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒฅ แ‰ขแŒˆแ‹ฐแŠแˆ แ‹จแŒญแˆแŒญแˆแ‰ณแ‹แŠ• แŠ แŠ•แ‹ตแˆแ‰ณ แˆˆแˆ›แŒฃแˆซแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆžแŠจแˆฌ แŠ แˆแ‰€แˆจแˆ። แ‰ฅแ‹™ แŒฃแˆญแŠฉ แŒแŠ• แŠจแˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰€แˆจแ‰กแ‰ต แˆแŠ•แŒฎแ‰ธ แŠฅแ‹ซแ‹ˆแ‰ “แŠ แŠ“แ‹แ‰แˆ ” แ‹ซแˆ‰แŠ ! แ‹ˆแ‹ฐแ‹ แˆณแ‹ญแˆ†แŠ• แ‹จแŠฅแŠ•แŒ€แˆซ แАแŒˆแˆญ แˆ†แŠ–แ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แŠฅแŠ•แŒ… แŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แАแŒˆแˆญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแˆˆ แ‰ แŠจแ‰ฃแ‰ขแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ณแ‹จแ‹ แ‹ตแ‰ฃแ‰ฅ แ‹ซแˆณแ‰ฅแ‰ƒแˆ … แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ• แŠฅแ‹ซแˆฐแ‰ฅแŠฉ แŠฅแ‹ซแˆˆแˆ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แ‹จแˆ›แˆˆแ‹ณ แ‹ˆแŒ แˆญแ‹•แˆต แŠจแŠ แŠ แŒˆแ‰ฃ ” แˆณแ‹ซแˆแ‰… แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒ แŠ“แ‰€แ‰€แ‹ แ‹˜แˆ˜แ‰ปแŠ“ แŠ แˆแˆจแŒ‹ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹ แ‹จแŒ…แ‹ณ แ‰†แŠ•แˆตแˆ แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‰ แˆญ … ” แ‰ฅแ‹จ แŒ€แˆ˜แˆญแŠฉแ‰ต … แˆ˜แ‰€แŒ แˆ แŒแŠ• แŠ แˆแ‰ปแˆแŠฉแˆ !
แ‰ แˆฐแˆžแАแŠ›แ‹ แ‰ แ‰ฃแŒ€แŠ•แ‰ แ‰ต แ‹จแˆณแ‹แ‹ฒ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซแ‹แ‹ซแŠ• แŠญแˆซแˆžแ‰ต แ‹™แˆชแ‹จ แ‹จแ‹ˆแŒˆแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แŒแˆแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆ›แ‰ธแ‹ แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‹ตแˆ แŠ แˆ‰แŠ። แŠฅแŠ’แˆ แŠจแ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แŒ…แ‹ณ แ‰†แŠ•แˆตแˆ แˆ˜แˆตแˆชแ‹ซ แ‰คแ‰ต แˆแˆŒแˆ แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแŒ‹แˆฉแŠแŠ• แ‹ˆแ‹ณแŒ€แŠ• ” แˆนแˆ แˆฝแˆญ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ‹แˆ !” แ‰ฐแ‰ แˆŽ แˆฐแˆแ‰ฐแ‹ แ‹ซแˆแ‰ฐแˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒ แ‹แŠ• แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แˆฒแ‹ซแ‰€แ‰ฅแˆ‰แŠ “แˆตแˆ›แ‹ แ‰ฅแ‹จ แŠฅแŠ•แŒ… ፣ แŠฅแ‹แАแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แŠณ แˆ†แŠ– แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‰ แˆญ แ‰ขแ‰€แ‹ซแ‹จแˆญ แˆแŠ• แ‹‹แŒ‹ แŠ แˆˆแ‹ ፣ แˆˆแ–แˆˆแ‰ฒแŠซแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแŒ แ‰…แˆ›แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แŒ… แˆˆแˆตแ‹ฐแ‰ฐแŠ›แ‹ แ‹จแˆšแˆแ‹ญแ‹ฐแ‹แŠ• แŠ แ‹ญแˆแŠฉแˆแŠ• ! ” แАแ‰ แˆญ แ‹ซแˆ‰แŠ … … ” แŒ‰แˆแ‰ป แ‰ขแ‰€แ‹ซแ‹จแˆญ แ‹ˆแŒฅ แŠ แ‹ซแŒฃแแŒฅแˆ !” แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ‰ …
แ‹จแˆšแˆแˆˆแŒˆแ‹ แˆแˆ‰ แ‹ญแˆ†แŠ“แˆ … แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‰†แˆ˜แ‹ แ‹จแˆˆแˆ ! แˆˆแˆแˆ‰แˆ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ตแ‹จ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ แŒ€แŠ•แŠ• แ‹ญแˆตแŒ แŠ• ፣ แŠจแˆแˆ‰แˆ แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆˆแˆƒแŒˆแˆซแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆแ‹ตแˆญ แŠ แ‰ฅแ‰…แ‰ถ แ‰ แˆฐแˆ‹แˆ แ‰ แแ‰…แˆญแŠ“ แ‰ แˆ…แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ต แ‹จแˆแŠ•แŠ–แˆญแ‰ฃแ‰ต แˆƒแŒˆแˆญ ፣ แˆ˜แ‹ตแˆแŠฆ แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ซแ‹แ‰… ፣ แˆƒแŒˆแˆญแŠ“ แˆ…แ‹แ‰กแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‹ˆแ‹ตแŠ“ แˆˆแ‹œแŒŽแ‰น แˆ˜แ‰ฅแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‰†แˆจแ‰†แˆญ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แ‹ญแˆฐแŒ แŠ• …แ‰ตแŠ“แŠ•แ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแˆแˆˆแŒˆแ‹ แˆแˆ‰ แ‹ญแˆ†แŠ“แˆ… แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‰†แˆ˜แ‹ แ‹จแˆˆแˆ แ‰ฅแˆˆแŠ• แАแ‰ แˆญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹จแАแ‹ ! แŠ แ‹Ž แ‹จแˆšแˆแˆˆแŒˆแ‹ แˆแŠ—แˆ ፣ แ‹ญแˆ†แŠ“แˆ … แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‰†แˆ˜แ‹ แ‹จแˆˆแˆ ! …
” แ‹แŒญ แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‹ญ แˆšแŠ’แˆตแ‰ตแˆญ แ‹ญแˆพแˆ›แˆ ፣ แ‹จแŠขแˆ…แŠ แ‹ดแŒ แ‹จแ‹ตแˆญแŒ…แ‰ต แŠ แ‰ฃแˆ‹แ‰ตแŠ“ แŠซแ‹ตแˆฌแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ฐแŒฝแ‹•แŠ– แˆแŒฅแˆจแ‹ แ‰ แ‰ฐแŠ“แŒ แˆแŠ“ แ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฅแˆตแ‰ แ‹ แ‹ซแˆฝแˆฉแ‰ณแˆ ፣ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ… แ‰ฐแŒ‰แ‹˜แŠ• แ‹จแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆญแˆต แ‹ญแˆ†แŠ•? ” แАแ‰ แˆญ แ‹ซแˆ‰แŠ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แŠ แˆแˆจแŒ‹ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹แŠ• แ‹จแŒ…แ‹ณ แ‰†แŠ•แˆตแˆ แˆนแˆ แˆฝแˆญ แ‹ซแˆตแŒˆแˆจแˆ›แ‰ธแ‹ แŠฅแˆ…แ‰ต …
แŠฅแˆตแŠช แ‰ธแˆญ แ‹ซแˆฐแˆ›แŠ•
แАแ‰ขแ‹ฉ แˆฒแˆซแŠญ

แ‹จแˆณแ‹แ‹ฒ แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‹ญ … แˆฐแ‰ แˆญ แ‹จแˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แŒแ‰ฅแŠ แ‰ต (แАแ‰ฅแ‹ฉ แˆฒแˆซแŠญ)


แ‹จแŒ…แ‹ณ แ‰†แŠ•แˆตแˆ แˆ˜แˆตแˆชแ‹ซ แ‰คแ‰ต แŠ‹แˆ‹แŠ แ‰†แŠ•แˆตแˆ แŒ€แŠ”แˆซแˆ แŠ แ‰ถ แ‹˜แАแ‰  แŠจแ‰ แ‹ฐ แŠจแŠƒแˆ‹แŠแАแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ฐแАแˆฑ !
* แ‰ตแŠ“แŠ•แ‰ต แˆจแ‹แ‹ฑ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ แŒˆแ‹ฐแˆแ‹ณแˆœ “แŒ‰แˆแ‰ป แ‰ขแ‰€แ‹ซแ‹จแˆญ …” แ‰ฅแˆˆแŠ• แ‹ซแŠ•แˆนแŠซแˆพแŠญแАแ‹ แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แ‰ฐแˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒ  !
* แˆˆแŒŠแ‹œแ‹ แ‰†แŠ•แˆตแˆ แŒ€แŠ”แˆซแˆ‰แŠ• แ‰ฐแŠญแ‰ฐแ‹ แ‰ แŒŠแ‹œแ‹ซแ‹ŠแАแ‰ต แ‰†แŠ•แˆตแˆ แˆ˜แˆตแˆชแ‹ซ แ‰คแ‰ฑแŠ• แˆˆแ‰€แŒฃแ‹ญ แˆแˆˆแ‰ต แ‹ˆแˆซแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ณแ‹ตแˆฉแ‰ต แ‰ แ‰†แˆซแŒฅ แŠ แˆ˜แˆซแˆซแˆญ แ‰ฅแ‰ƒแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆฐแŒˆแŠ‘แ‰ต แ‰†แŠ•แˆตแˆ แˆธแˆชแ แŠจแ‹ญแˆฉ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แˆ แ‰ฐแ‰ฅแˆแˆ ።Ato Zenabe Kebda
* แ‰†แŠ•แˆตแˆ แŒ€แŠ”แˆซแˆ แŠ แ‰ถ แ‹˜แАแ‰  แŠจแ‰ แ‹ฐ แ‰ตแŠ“แАแ‰ต แˆแˆฝแ‰ต แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‹ฉแŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แˆณแ‹ˆแ‰… แ‹จแŠขแˆ…แŠ แ‹ดแŒ แ‹ตแˆญแŒ…แ‰ต แŠ แ‰ฃแˆ‹แ‰ต แˆตแ‰ฅแˆฐแ‰ฃ แŒ แˆญแ‰ฐแ‹ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแАแ‰ แˆญแŠ“ แŠ แ‰ฅแ‹›แŠ›แ‹ แŠ แˆˆแˆ˜แŒˆแŠ˜แ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ณแ‹แ‰‹แˆ። แ‹ตแˆญแŒ…แ‰ต แŠ แ‰ฃแˆ‹แ‰ต แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ญแˆ แŠจแŒŽแŠ“แ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ญแŒ แ‰ แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆฉแ‰ต แ‰ฐแŒฝแ‹•แŠ– แˆแŒฃแˆช แ‹จแˆ…แ‹ˆแˆƒแ‰ต แŠ แ‰ฃแˆ‹แ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แŠณ แŠ แˆแ‰ฐแŒˆแŠ™แˆ แ‰ฐแ‰ฅแˆแˆ።
* แŠ แ‰ถ แ‹˜แАแ‰  แŠจแ‰ แ‹ฐ แ‰ แ‰†แŠ•แˆตแˆ‰ แ‹™แˆชแ‹ซ แ‹จแˆ…แ‹ˆแˆƒแ‰ต แŠ แ‰ฃแˆ‹แ‰ตแŠ• แŠ แˆแ‰ฃแŒˆแАแŠ•แАแ‰ตแŠ• แ‰ แˆ›แ‹แˆจแ‹ตแŠ“ แ‰ แˆ›แ‰€แ‹แ‰€แ‹ ፣ แ‰ แˆ™แˆตแŠ“ ፣ แ‰ แ‹ตแˆˆแˆ‹ ፣ แ‰ แˆ›แŒญแ‰ แˆญแ‰ แˆญ แˆตแˆซ แ‰ แ‰†แŠ•แˆตแˆ‰ แ‹™แˆชแ‹ซ แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆฉแ‰ตแŠ• แ‰ แˆ›แŒฅแ‹แ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ แˆŒแ‰ฅแАแ‰ต แŠ แŠซแ‰ฃแ‰ขแ‹แŠ• แ‰ แˆ›แŒฝแ‹ณแ‰ต แ‹ญแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰ƒแˆ‰።
* แˆ…แŒ แŠ แ‹‹แ‰‚ แˆ†แАแ‹ แ‰ แˆ…แŒ แˆ›แ‹•แ‰€แ แ‹จแˆ˜แŒก แ‹œแŒŽแ‰ฝ แŒแ แˆฒแˆแŒธแˆแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ แˆ˜แŠจแˆ‹แŠจแˆ‰ แ‹จแˆจแ‰ฃ แˆตแˆซ แŠ แˆแˆฐแˆฉแˆ แ‹จแˆแˆ‹แ‰ฝ แˆƒแˆ‹แŠแ‹ แˆตแˆแŒฃแŠ• แŠจแ‰ฐแˆจแŠจแ‰ก แ‹ˆแ‹ฒแˆ… แˆถแˆตแ‰ต แŠจแ‰ฃแ‰ฃแ‹ต แ‹จแˆ…แ‹แ‰ฅ แˆ›แ‹•แ‰ แˆ แ‹จแ‰ฐแАแˆณแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แˆแ‰ฐแŠ“แ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แŒฝแŠ“แ‰ตแŠ“ แ‰ แ‰†แˆซแŒฅ แŠ แˆ˜แˆซแˆซแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹ตแˆ แАแˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ แˆ›แˆˆแ‹แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แŠ แ‹แ‰ƒแˆˆแˆ። แˆƒแˆ‹แŠแ‹ แ‰ แŠ แŠ•แŒปแˆฉ แ‰ แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แˆแ‹แ‹แŒฅ แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ซแˆแŠ‘ แแ‰ตแˆƒแ‹Š แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘ แˆณแ‹ญแˆ†แŠ• แ‰ แŒแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แˆ‹แˆ˜แŠ‘แ‰ แ‰ต แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‹ญ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแˆซแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‹จแˆšแˆฐแŒก แŠ‹แˆ‹แŠ แАแ‰ แˆฉ ።
* แŠ แ‰ถ แ‹˜แАแ‰  แŠจแ‰ แ‹ฐ แ‰ แˆณแ‹แ‹ฒ แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แˆƒแˆ‹แŠแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹˜แŠ•แ‹ต แŠญแ‰ฅแˆญ แ‹จแˆšแˆฐแŒฃแ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ แŠ แˆ›แˆญแŠ›แˆ แˆฒแŠ“แŒˆแˆฉ แ‹ˆแŒ‹แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แˆตแˆจแ‹ณแ‰ต แ‰ฐแˆจแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‰ แ‹™ ፣ แŠจแ‹šแˆ… แ‰ แŠแ‰ต แŠจแАแ‰ แˆฉแ‰ต แŠƒแˆ‹แŠแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ•แŒแˆŠแ‹แŠ› แŠ แ‰€แˆ‹แŒฅแˆแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแŠ“แŒˆแˆฉ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ฐแ‰ แ‰ฐ แˆญแ‰ฑแ‹• แŒแˆญแˆ› แˆžแŒˆแˆต แ‹ซแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ ፣ แ‰ แŠ แˆˆแ‰ฃแ‰ แˆณแ‰ธแ‹ แŒธแ‹ณ แ‹ซแˆ‰ แ‰ตแŠญแŠญแˆˆแŠ› แ‹จแŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆƒแŒˆแˆญ แ‹ฒแ•แˆŽแˆ›แ‰ต แŠญแ‰ฅแˆญแŠ• แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒŽแŠ“แŒธแ‰ แŠƒแˆ‹แŠ แАแ‰ แˆฉ ።
* แŠจแŒแˆ›แˆฝ แˆšแˆŠแ‹ฎแŠ• แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ซแŠ•แˆฑ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซแ‹แ‹ซแŠ• แ‹จแŠฎแŠ•แ‰ตแˆซแ‰ต แˆฐแˆซแ‰ฐแŠžแ‰ฝ แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‰แ‰ต แˆถแˆตแ‰ตแŠ“ แŠ แˆซแ‰ต แŠ แˆ˜แ‰ณแ‰ต แ‹จแŒˆแ‰ก แˆฒแˆ†แА แŠฎแŠ•แ‰ตแˆซแ‰ต แˆฐแˆซแ‰ฐแŠžแ‰ฝ แˆตแˆˆแˆ˜แŒกแ‰ แ‰ต แ‹แˆ แŠ แ‰ถ แ‹˜แАแ‰  แ‰ แŒ€แˆญแˆ˜แŠ• แˆซแ‹ฒแ‹ฎ แ‹แ‹ญแ‹ญแ‰ต แ•แˆฎแŒแˆซแˆ แ‰ฐแŒ แ‹ญแ‰€แ‹ แ‰ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซแŠ“ แ‰ แˆณแ‹แ‹ฒ แ‰ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แˆ˜แŠซแŠจแˆ แ‹จแˆแˆˆแ‰ตแ‹ฎแˆฝ แ‹จแˆตแˆซแ‰ฐแŠ› แˆแ‹แ‹แŒฅ แˆตแˆแˆแАแ‰ต แŠ แŠ•แ‹ฐแˆŒแˆˆ แ‰ แŒแˆ‹แŒญ แ‹จแАแŒˆแˆฉแŠ• แŠ€แˆ‹แŠแˆ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹ ።
* แŠ แ‰ถ แ‹˜แАแ‰  แŠจแ‰ แ‹ฐ แŠจแ‹šแˆ… แ‰ แŠแ‰ต แ‰ แ‰†แŠ•แˆตแˆ‰ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆจแ‹แŠ• แ‹จแ‰ แŠจแ‰ฐ แ‰ขแˆฎแŠญแˆซแˆฒแŠ“ แŠข แแ‰ตแˆƒแ‹Š แŠ แˆ˜แˆซแˆญ แ‰ แŠ แ‹ฐแ‰ฃแ‰ฃแ‹ญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŠ“แŒˆแˆฉ แ‹ฐแ‹แˆญแˆ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹። แАแ‹‹แˆชแ‹ แ‰ แŒแ‹ณแŒ… แˆแŠ•แˆ แ‹จแŒˆแŠ•แ‹˜แ‰ฅ แˆ˜แ‹‹แŒฎ แˆฒแŒ แ‹ญแ‰ แ‹ซแˆแ‰ฐแˆฐแˆ™ ፣ แŠฎแˆšแŠ’แ‰ฒแ‹ แ‹ซแˆแˆ†แА แˆแŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต แˆฒแˆ„แ‹ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐ แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŒ แ‰ฃแ‰‚แАแ‰ต แŠข แแ‰ตแˆƒแ‹Š แŠ แŠซแˆ”แ‹ฑแŠ• แŠฅแ‹ซแ‹ฉ แˆฒแ‹ซแˆแ‰แˆ แ‰ณแ‹ญแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆ። แˆˆแ‹šแˆ… แ‰ฐแŒ แ‰ƒแˆน แ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ต แ‰คแ‰ฑ แ‰ แŠฎแˆšแŠ’แ‰ฒแ‹ แˆˆแŠจแ‹ แŠ แ‹ฐแŒ‹ แˆฒแ‹Žแ‹ตแ‰… แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆˆแŠจแ‰ฑแ‰ แ‰ต แŠ แŠซแˆ”แ‹ต แˆฒแˆ†แŠ• แ‰ แˆ˜แŒจแˆจแˆปแ‹ แˆฐแŠ แ‰ต แŒˆแ‰ฅแ‰ฐแ‹ 120 แˆฝแˆ… แ‹จแˆณแ‹แ‹ฒ แˆชแ‹ซแˆ แŠจแ‹แˆญแŠแ‹ซ แŠ แ‹ณแŠ•แŠฉ แ‰ฅแˆˆแ‹ แ‰ขแАแŒแˆฉแŠ•แˆ แ‹›แˆฌ แ‹ตแˆจแˆต แ‹จ3000 แ‰ณแ‹ณแŒŠแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ“ แ‹จ200 แˆ˜แˆแˆ…แˆซแŠ•แŠ“ แˆฐแˆซแ‰ฐแŠžแ‰ฝ แ‹ซแ‰€แˆแ‹ แˆ˜แˆ˜แŠชแ‹ซแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ แŒ…แ‹ณ แ‹จแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซแ‹แ‹ซแŠ• แŠ แˆˆแˆ แŠ แ‰€แ แ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ต แ‰คแ‰ฑแŠ• แŠจแŠ แ‹ฐแŒ‹ แŠ แˆ‹แ‹ˆแŒกแ‰ตแˆ ። แ‹ซแˆ แˆ†แŠ– แˆˆแ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ต แ‰คแ‰ฑ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹แˆจแŠจแˆจแŠจ แŠ แˆฐแˆซแˆญ แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ตแ‹จแ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰ฃแˆ‰ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ณแŠ•แ‹ต แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ณแ‹Š แˆˆแ‹แŒฆแ‰ฝแŠ• แŒแŠ• แ‰ แ‰…แˆญแ‰ฅ แ‰ฐแŠ•แ‰€แˆณแ‰…แˆฐแ‹ แŠ แˆแŒฅแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆ!
* แŠ แ‰ถ แ‹˜แАแ‰  แŠจแ‰ แ‹ฐ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆญแˆณแ‰ธแ‹ แŒŠแ‹œแ‹ซแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แˆณแ‹ญแŒจแˆญแˆฑ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐ แŠฅแˆญแˆณแ‰ธแ‹ แŠจแˆตแˆแŒฃแŠ• แ‹จแ‰ฐแАแˆฑแ‰ตแŠ• แŠ แˆแ‰ฃแˆณแ‹ฐแˆญ แˆ˜แˆญแ‹‹แŠ•แŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ 12 แŠ แˆ˜แ‰ต แ‹จแŒ…แ‹ณแŠ• แ‰†แŠ•แˆตแˆ แŠ แŠ•แ‰€แŒฅแ‰…แŒ แ‹ แ‹จแˆ˜แˆฉแ‰ต แ‹จแˆ…แ‹ˆแˆƒแ‰ต แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แˆฐแ‹ แŠ แˆแ‰ฃแˆณแ‹ฐแˆญ แ‰ฐแŠญแˆˆ แŠ แ‰ฅ แŠจแ‰ แ‹ฐแŠ• แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ณแ‹ฐแˆญ แ‰ฅแˆแˆน แŠ แŠซแˆ”แ‹ต แ‰ฅแ‰ป แˆณแ‹ญแˆ†แŠ• แ‹จแ‰†แŠ•แˆตแˆ‰แŠ• แˆฐแˆซแ‰ฐแŠžแ‰ฝ แ‰ แŠ แ‹ฐแ‰ฃแ‰ฃแ‹ญ แˆ˜แˆ˜แŠ•แ‰€แ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ แŠขแˆ…แŠ แ‹ดแŒ แ‹จแ‹ตแˆญแŒ…แ‰ต แŠ แ‰ฃแˆ‹แ‰ตแŠ“ แ‰ แˆฐแˆซแ‰ฐแŠžแ‰ฝ แ‹˜แŠ•แ‹ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆแˆฉ แˆฒแ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แˆˆแ‹›แˆฌ แŠจแˆตแˆแŒฃแŠ“แ‰ธแ‹ แˆ˜แАแˆณแ‰ตแˆ แ‹จแˆ…แ‹ˆแˆƒแ‰ต แŠ แ‰ฃแˆ‹แ‰ต แ‰ฐแŒฝแ‹•แŠ– แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแˆˆแ‰ แ‰ต แˆซแˆณแ‰ธแ‹ แˆ…แ‹ˆแˆƒแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŠฅแ‹จแАแŒˆแˆฉแŠ• แАแ‹። แ‰ตแŠ“แŠ•แ‰ต แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฃแˆณแ‹ฐแˆญ แˆ˜แˆญแ‹‹แŠ•แŠ• แŠจแˆตแˆแŒฃแŠ• แ‰ แˆ›แˆตแАแˆณแ‰ฑ แˆจแ‹ฅแˆ แŠฅแŒ… แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆซแ‰ธแ‹ แˆ…แ‹Žแˆƒแ‰ตแŠ• แŒจแˆแˆฎ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰€แˆฉแ‰ต แ‹จแŠขแˆ…แŠ แ‹ฒแŒ แŠ แ‰ฃแˆ แ‹ตแˆญแŒ…แ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‹›แˆฌแˆ แ‰ แ‹แŒญ แŒ‰แ‹ณ แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แˆƒแˆ‹แŠแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ฐแŒฝแ‹•แŠ– แˆแŒฃแˆชแАแ‰ต แ‰ แŒˆแˆƒแ‹ต แˆ›แˆณแ‹ซแ‹ แ‰€แ‹ตแˆแ‹ แ‹จแАแŒˆแˆฉแŠ• แŠฅแ‹จแ‹ฐแˆจแˆฐ แˆ›แ‹จแ‰ต แˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆซแ‰ฝแŠ• แАแ‹ ! แ‹›แˆฌแˆ แˆ›แŠ• แˆŠแˆ˜แŒฃ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฝแˆˆแ‹ แˆƒแˆ‹แŠ แ‹จแ‹ฒแ•แˆŽแˆ›แˆฒแ‹ซแ‹Š แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ณแ‹ฐแˆญ แ‰ฅแ‰ƒแ‰ต แˆณแ‹ญแˆ†แŠ• แŠ แАแŒฃแŒฅแˆฎ แ‰ฐแŠณแˆฝแАแ‰ฑแŠ“ แ‹จแ‹‹แˆˆแ‰ แ‰ตแŠ• แ‹จแŒฆแˆญ แŠ แ‹แ‹ตแˆ› แ‹ตแˆจแˆต แ‰ แŠ แ‹ตแŠ“แ‰†แ‰ต แ‹จแˆ…แ‹ˆแˆƒแ‰ต แŠซแ‹ตแˆฌแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹ญแАแŒแˆฉแŠ• แŒ€แˆแˆจแ‹‹แˆ።
แˆ˜แ‹แŒŠแ‹ซ …
แˆˆแˆ˜แ‹แŒŠแ‹ซ ፣ แˆˆแˆ˜แ‹ฐแˆแ‹ฐแˆšแ‹ซ แ‹ซแˆ…แˆ แ‰ตแŠ“แŠ•แ‰ต แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒแ‹ แŠจแˆแŒฃแ‹ฑ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐ แ‹ˆแŒฃ แˆตแˆฐแˆ› แ‹ซแŒซแ‹ˆแŒฅแŠณแ‰ฝแˆ แŠ แŒญแˆญ แŒˆแ‹ฐแˆแ‹ณแˆœ แ‹ˆแŒ แˆ˜แ‹แŒŠแ‹ซ แˆ˜แ‹ฐแˆแ‹ฐแˆแ‹ฐแˆšแ‹ซ แˆ‹แ‹ตแˆญแŒ …
แŒ‰แˆแ‰ป แ‰ขแ‰€แ‹ซแ‹จแˆญ …
แŠจแˆจแ‹แ‹ต แŠฅแˆตแŠจ แ‰€แ‰ตแˆญ ( แ‰ตแŠ“แŠ•แ‰ต แˆ›แŠญแˆฐแŠž แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘ แАแ‹) แŠ แŠ•แ‹ฑ แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹จ แŠ แ‰…แŒฃแŒซ แŠฅแ‹šแˆ…แˆ แŠฅแ‹šแ‹ซแˆ แ‹ฐแˆจแˆฐแŠ ፣ แ‰ แˆนแŠญแˆนแŠญแ‰ณ แˆตแˆฐแˆ›แ‹ แ‹จแˆฐแАแ‰ แ‰ตแŠฉแ‰ตแŠ• แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แŠฅแ‹แАแ‰ตแАแ‰ต แˆˆแˆ›แˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒฅ แ‰ขแŒˆแ‹ฐแŠแˆ แ‹จแŒญแˆแŒญแˆแ‰ณแ‹แŠ• แŠ แŠ•แ‹ตแˆแ‰ณ แˆˆแˆ›แŒฃแˆซแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆžแŠจแˆฌ แŠ แˆแ‰€แˆจแˆ። แ‰ฅแ‹™ แŒฃแˆญแŠฉ แŒแŠ• แŠจแˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰€แˆจแ‰กแ‰ต แˆแŠ•แŒฎแ‰ธ แŠฅแ‹ซแ‹ˆแ‰ “แŠ แŠ“แ‹แ‰แˆ ” แ‹ซแˆ‰แŠ ! แ‹ˆแ‹ฐแ‹ แˆณแ‹ญแˆ†แŠ• แ‹จแŠฅแŠ•แŒ€แˆซ แАแŒˆแˆญ แˆ†แŠ–แ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แŠฅแŠ•แŒ… แŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แАแŒˆแˆญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแˆˆ แ‰ แŠจแ‰ฃแ‰ขแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ณแ‹จแ‹ แ‹ตแ‰ฃแ‰ฅ แ‹ซแˆณแ‰ฅแ‰ƒแˆ … แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ• แŠฅแ‹ซแˆฐแ‰ฅแŠฉ แŠฅแ‹ซแˆˆแˆ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แ‹จแˆ›แˆˆแ‹ณ แ‹ˆแŒ แˆญแ‹•แˆต แŠจแŠ แŠ แŒˆแ‰ฃ ” แˆณแ‹ซแˆแ‰… แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒ แŠ“แ‰€แ‰€แ‹ แ‹˜แˆ˜แ‰ปแŠ“ แŠ แˆแˆจแŒ‹ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹ แ‹จแŒ…แ‹ณ แ‰†แŠ•แˆตแˆ แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‰ แˆญ … ” แ‰ฅแ‹จ แŒ€แˆ˜แˆญแŠฉแ‰ต … แˆ˜แ‰€แŒ แˆ แŒแŠ• แŠ แˆแ‰ปแˆแŠฉแˆ !
แ‰ แˆฐแˆžแАแŠ›แ‹ แ‰ แ‰ฃแŒ€แŠ•แ‰ แ‰ต แ‹จแˆณแ‹แ‹ฒ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซแ‹แ‹ซแŠ• แŠญแˆซแˆžแ‰ต แ‹™แˆชแ‹จ แ‹จแ‹ˆแŒˆแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แŒแˆแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆ›แ‰ธแ‹ แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‹ตแˆ แŠ แˆ‰แŠ። แŠฅแŠ’แˆ แŠจแ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แŒ…แ‹ณ แ‰†แŠ•แˆตแˆ แˆ˜แˆตแˆชแ‹ซ แ‰คแ‰ต แˆแˆŒแˆ แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแŒ‹แˆฉแŠแŠ• แ‹ˆแ‹ณแŒ€แŠ• ” แˆนแˆ แˆฝแˆญ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ‹แˆ !” แ‰ฐแ‰ แˆŽ แˆฐแˆแ‰ฐแ‹ แ‹ซแˆแ‰ฐแˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒ แ‹แŠ• แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แˆฒแ‹ซแ‰€แ‰ฅแˆ‰แŠ “แˆตแˆ›แ‹ แ‰ฅแ‹จ แŠฅแŠ•แŒ… ፣ แŠฅแ‹แАแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แŠณ แˆ†แŠ– แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‰ แˆญ แ‰ขแ‰€แ‹ซแ‹จแˆญ แˆแŠ• แ‹‹แŒ‹ แŠ แˆˆแ‹ ፣ แˆˆแ–แˆˆแ‰ฒแŠซแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแŒ แ‰…แˆ›แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แŒ… แˆˆแˆตแ‹ฐแ‰ฐแŠ›แ‹ แ‹จแˆšแˆแ‹ญแ‹ฐแ‹แŠ• แŠ แ‹ญแˆแŠฉแˆแŠ• ! ” แАแ‰ แˆญ แ‹ซแˆ‰แŠ … … ” แŒ‰แˆแ‰ป แ‰ขแ‰€แ‹ซแ‹จแˆญ แ‹ˆแŒฅ แŠ แ‹ซแŒฃแแŒฅแˆ !” แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ‰ …
แ‹จแˆšแˆแˆˆแŒˆแ‹ แˆแˆ‰ แ‹ญแˆ†แŠ“แˆ … แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‰†แˆ˜แ‹ แ‹จแˆˆแˆ ! แˆˆแˆแˆ‰แˆ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ตแ‹จ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ แŒ€แŠ•แŠ• แ‹ญแˆตแŒ แŠ• ፣ แŠจแˆแˆ‰แˆ แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆˆแˆƒแŒˆแˆซแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆแ‹ตแˆญ แŠ แ‰ฅแ‰…แ‰ถ แ‰ แˆฐแˆ‹แˆ แ‰ แแ‰…แˆญแŠ“ แ‰ แˆ…แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ต แ‹จแˆแŠ•แŠ–แˆญแ‰ฃแ‰ต แˆƒแŒˆแˆญ ፣ แˆ˜แ‹ตแˆแŠฆ แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ซแ‹แ‰… ፣ แˆƒแŒˆแˆญแŠ“ แˆ…แ‹แ‰กแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‹ˆแ‹ตแŠ“ แˆˆแ‹œแŒŽแ‰น แˆ˜แ‰ฅแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‰†แˆจแ‰†แˆญ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แ‹ญแˆฐแŒ แŠ• …แ‰ตแŠ“แŠ•แ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแˆแˆˆแŒˆแ‹ แˆแˆ‰ แ‹ญแˆ†แŠ“แˆ… แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‰†แˆ˜แ‹ แ‹จแˆˆแˆ แ‰ฅแˆˆแŠ• แАแ‰ แˆญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹จแАแ‹ ! แŠ แ‹Ž แ‹จแˆšแˆแˆˆแŒˆแ‹ แˆแŠ—แˆ ፣ แ‹ญแˆ†แŠ“แˆ … แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‰†แˆ˜แ‹ แ‹จแˆˆแˆ ! …
” แ‹แŒญ แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‹ญ แˆšแŠ’แˆตแ‰ตแˆญ แ‹ญแˆพแˆ›แˆ ፣ แ‹จแŠขแˆ…แŠ แ‹ดแŒ แ‹จแ‹ตแˆญแŒ…แ‰ต แŠ แ‰ฃแˆ‹แ‰ตแŠ“ แŠซแ‹ตแˆฌแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ฐแŒฝแ‹•แŠ– แˆแŒฅแˆจแ‹ แ‰ แ‰ฐแŠ“แŒ แˆแŠ“ แ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฅแˆตแ‰ แ‹ แ‹ซแˆฝแˆฉแ‰ณแˆ ፣ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ… แ‰ฐแŒ‰แ‹˜แŠ• แ‹จแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆญแˆต แ‹ญแˆ†แŠ•? ” แАแ‰ แˆญ แ‹ซแˆ‰แŠ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แŠ แˆแˆจแŒ‹ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹แŠ• แ‹จแŒ…แ‹ณ แ‰†แŠ•แˆตแˆ แˆนแˆ แˆฝแˆญ แ‹ซแˆตแŒˆแˆจแˆ›แ‰ธแ‹ แŠฅแˆ…แ‰ต …
แŠฅแˆตแŠช แ‰ธแˆญ แ‹ซแˆฐแˆ›แŠ•
แАแ‰ขแ‹ฉ แˆฒแˆซแŠญ

แ‰ แˆณแŠ•แˆ†แ‹œ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ› แˆˆแ‹ˆแˆซแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ณแ‰€แ‹ฐแ‹ แ‹จแ‹ˆแ‹ซแŠ” แ‹จแˆ›แŒญแ‰ แˆญแ‰ แˆญ แˆดแˆซ แ‰ แˆšแ‹ซแˆณแแˆญ แˆ˜แˆแŠฉ แ‰ฐแŒ แŠ“แ‰€แ‰€

แ‹จแˆณแŠ•แˆ†แ‹œ แˆ€แŒˆแˆญ แ‹ˆแ‹ณแ‹ถแ‰ฝ แŒแ‰ฅแˆจแˆƒแ‹ญแˆ

แŠฅแˆซแˆฑแŠ• แ‹จแŠ แ‰ฃแ‹ญ แŒแ‹ตแ‰ฅ แŠซแ‹‰แŠ•แˆตแˆ แ‰ฅแˆŽ แ‹จแˆšแŒ แˆซแ‹ แ‹จแ‹ˆแ‹ซแŠ” แˆตแˆญแŒŽ แŒˆแ‰ฆแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแ‰ฃแŠ•แ‹ณแ‹ˆแ‰ฝ แ‰กแ‹ตแŠ• แˆˆแ‹ˆแˆซแ‰ต แˆˆแ‹ˆแ‹ซแŠ” แ‰ฑแ‰ฃ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆตแˆแŒฃแŠ“แ‰ต แŠฅแŒ… แˆ˜แŠ•แˆป แ‹จแˆšแˆ†แŠ• แŒˆแŠ•แ‹˜แ‰ฅ แ‹จแˆ›แŒแŠ› แ‹˜แ‹ด แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆ˜แ‹ถแˆˆแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแŒ€แˆ˜แˆจ แˆƒแŒˆแˆญ แ‹ˆแ‹ณแ‹ต แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซแ‹‰แ‹ซแŠ• แ‹ˆแ‹ฒแ‹ซแ‹แŠ‘ แ‹แŒฅแŠ‘แŠ• แˆตแˆ‹แ‹ˆแ‰…แŠ• แ‰ แˆ˜แˆƒแŠจแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แˆฐแˆญแŒŽ แ‰ แˆ˜แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ต แŠฅแ‹ซแŠ•แ‹ณแŠ•แ‹ถแŠ• แŠฅแ‰…แ‹ณแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แˆตแŠ•แŠจแ‰ณแ‰ฐแˆ แ‰†แ‹ญแ‰ฐแŠ“แˆ። แ‹จแˆดแˆซแ‹ แ‹‹แŠ•แŠ› แ‹จแ‰ฃแŠ•แ‹ณแАแ‰ต แˆšแŠ“ แ‰ฐแŒซแ‹‹แ‰พแ‰ฝ แ‰€แ‹ตแˆžแ‹แŠ•แˆ แˆˆแ‹ˆแˆซแˆชแ‹ แ‹จแŠขแŒฃแˆแ‹ซ แŒฆแˆญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‰แˆ‹แˆ แŠ แ‰€แ‰ฃแ‹ญ แŠจแАแ‰ แˆฉ แ‰คแ‰ฐแˆตแ‰ฅ แ‹จแ‰ แ‰€แˆ‰ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แˆตแŠ•แˆจแ‹ณ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แˆแ‰ฃแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ แˆƒแ‹˜แŠ• แ‹ฐแˆแ‰ถแˆ።แ‰ แŒฃแˆŠแ‹ซแŠ• แ‹ˆแˆจแˆซ แ‹˜แˆ˜แŠ• แ‹ตแˆแ‹ตแ‹ญแŠ“ แˆ…แŠ•แŒป แ‰ แˆ˜แˆฐแˆซแ‰ฑ แ‹ˆแˆซแˆชแ‹ แŒฆแˆญ แ‹ญแŒแ‹›แŠ• แ‹ซแˆ‹แˆˆแ‹แŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แАแŒปแАแ‰ฑแŠ• แ‹ซแˆตแ‰€แ‹ณแˆ˜แ‹แŠ• แˆ…แ‹แ‰ฃแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹›แˆฌ แ‹จแ‹ˆแ‹ซแŠ” แ‹ฐแŠ“แ‰แˆญแ‰ต แŠซแ‹ตแˆฌแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แˆ…แ‹แ‰ฅ แŒ แŠ” แ‹จแ‰ตแˆ‹แˆแ‰… แˆ…แŠ•แŒป แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‰คแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹˜แˆ˜แŠ“แ‹Š แ‰ฐแˆฝแŠจแˆญแŠซแˆช แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‰คแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ“แ‰ฝแ‹ แ‹ซแ‹ฐแ‰ฃแ‰ฃแ‹ญ แˆšแˆตแŒฅแˆญ แˆ†แŠ– แˆณแˆˆ፤ แˆ‹แˆˆแ‰แ‰ต แˆƒแ‹ซแˆถแˆตแ‰ต แŠ แˆ˜แ‰ณแ‰ต แ‹จแˆ…แ‹แ‰ฃแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠ‘แˆฎ แŠจแ‹ตแŒก แ‹ˆแ‹ฐแˆ›แŒก แˆ›แˆแˆซแ‰ฑ แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰€ ‘’แˆแˆ›แ‰ณแ‹Š’’ แ‹จแˆšแˆ แŒญแˆแ‰ฅแˆ แˆˆแ‰ฅแˆฐแ‹ แˆˆแˆ›แ‹ฐแŠ“แŒˆแˆญ แˆ˜แˆžแŠจแˆซแ‰ธแ‹แŠ•  แŠจแŒ…แˆแˆฉ แ‰ แ‰แŒญแ‰ต แ‰ฐแŠจแ‰ณแ‰ตแˆˆแŠ“แˆ።Ethiopian community in San Jose
แˆดแˆซแ‹ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แ‰ฐแŒแ‰ฃแˆญ แ‹จแˆšแˆˆแ‹ˆแŒฅแ‰ แ‰ต แŠฅแˆˆแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแ‹ฐแˆจแˆตแˆ แ‰ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ›แ‹ แ‹จแˆแŠ•แŠ–แˆญ แˆƒแŒˆแˆญ แ‹ˆแ‹ณแ‹ต แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซแ‹แ‹ซแŠ• แˆƒแ‹ญแˆ›แŠ–แ‰ต፤แ‰‹แŠ•แ‰‹ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแ‰ฅแˆ„แˆญ แˆแ‹ฉแАแ‰ต แˆณแ‹ญแŠจแ‹แแˆˆแŠ• แ‹จแŠฅแˆแАแ‰ต แŠฅแ‹ณ แ‹จแˆ†แАแ‹แŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ แ‰ƒแˆแŠชแ‹ณแŠ• แ‹จแ‹ˆแˆจแˆตแАแ‹แŠ• แˆตแŠ•แ‹ฐแ‰ƒแ‰ฝแŠ•แŠ• แ‰ แˆ›แŠ•แŒˆแ‰ฅ แ‰ แ‰ฆแ‰ณแ‹ แ‰ฐแŒˆแŠแ‰ฐแŠ• แŠซแˆƒแ‹ฒแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ฐแ‰ƒแ‹แˆ˜แŠ“แˆ። แŠซแŠ แ‰ฃแ‹ญ แ‰ แˆแ‰ต แˆตแ‰ฅแŠ แ‹Š แˆ˜แ‰ฅแ‰ตแŠ• แˆ˜แŒˆแ‹ฐแ‰ฅ แ‹ญแŒˆแ‹ฐแ‰ฅ ፤ แ‹ˆแ‹ซแŠ” แŠจแ‹แ‹แ‹ญ แАแ‹ ፤ แ‹ˆแ‹ซแŠ” แˆ…แ‹แ‰ฃแ‹Š แ‹แŠญแˆแŠ“ แ‹จแˆˆแ‹แˆ፤ แŠ แˆ‹แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ฅ แ‹จแ‰ณแˆตแˆฉ แ‹จแˆƒแ‹ญแˆ›แŠ–แ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแ–แˆˆแ‰ฒแŠซ แŠฅแˆตแˆจแŠžแ‰ฝ แŠซแˆˆแˆแŠ•แˆ แ‰…แ‹ตแˆ˜ แˆแŠ”แ‰ณ แ‹ญแˆแ‰ฑ፤ แˆŒแˆŽแ‰ฝแŠ•แˆ แˆ˜แˆแŠญแˆฎแ‰ฝ แ‰ แˆ›แˆฐแˆ›แ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แˆ˜แ‹แˆ™แˆฎแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ แˆ˜แ‹˜แˆ˜แˆญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแАแ‰ƒแ‰ƒ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแ‹ฐแŠ•แ‰… แ‹ˆแŠ” แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆ‹แ‰ แˆต แŒจแ‹‹แАแ‰ณแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠ แˆณแ‹ญแ‰ฐแŠ“แˆ።
แ‰ แˆƒแŒˆแˆญ แ‹ˆแ‹ณแ‹ฑ แ‰ฐแ‰ƒแ‹‹แˆš แ‹ˆแŠ” แˆแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแˆซแ‹ฐแ‹ แ‹จแ‹ˆแ‹ซแŠ” แŒ€แˆŒแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ฃแˆˆ แŠ แˆซแ‰ต แˆตแŠฎแ‹ต แ‹จแ–แˆŠแˆต แˆƒแ‹ญแˆ แŠฅแŠ“ แŠจแŠ แˆตแˆญ แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแŒแˆ แŒธแŒฅแ‰ณ แˆตแˆซแ‰ฐแŠžแ‰ฝ แ‰ แˆ›แˆตแˆ˜แŒฃแ‰ต แŒแ‰ขแ‹แŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แŒ แˆญ แ‰ขแˆžแŠญแˆฉแˆ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซแ‹Š แŒจแ‹‹แАแ‰ตแŠ• แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆ‹แ‰ แˆฐแ‹ แ‰ฐแ‰ƒแ‹‹แˆš แˆƒแŒˆแˆญ แ‹ˆแ‹ณแ‹ต แˆˆแŒธแŒฅแ‰ณ แˆฐแˆซแ‰ฐแŠžแ‰ฝ แˆ…แŒ แŠ แŠญแ‰ฃแˆจแАแ‰ฑแŠ• แ‰ แˆ›แˆณแ‹จแ‰ต แˆ˜แ‰ฅแ‰ฑแŠ• แŒแŠ• แˆณแ‹ญแАแŒ แ‰… แ‹ตแˆแŒนแŠ• แŠ แˆฐแˆแ‰ถแˆ። แ‰ฐแ‰ƒแ‹ˆแˆžแ‹แŠ• แŠจแˆฐแŠ แ‰ต แ‰ แˆ†แˆ‹ แ‰ แˆตแˆแŠ•แ‰ต แˆฐแŠ แ‰ต แŒแ‹ตแˆ แ‹จแŒ€แˆ˜แˆจแ‹ แˆƒแŒˆแˆญ แ‹ˆแ‹ณแ‹ต แŠฅแˆตแŠญ แˆแˆฝแ‰ฑ แˆแˆˆแ‰ต แˆตแŠ แ‰ต แ‰ แ‰ฆแ‰ณแ‹ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒˆแŠ˜ แˆฒแˆ†แŠ• แŒจแˆˆแˆ›แŠ• แ‰ฐแŒˆแŠ• แŠ แ‹ตแˆญแŒˆแ‹ แŠจแŒˆแ‰ก แ‰ฃแŠ•แ‹ณแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แ‰ฐแŒจแˆ›แˆช แ‰ แ‹ˆแ‹ซแŠ” แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‹ญ แŠ แˆตแˆแŒปแˆšแАแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰ แŠญแˆƒแ‹ฒแ‹ˆแ‰ฝ ፤ แˆตแˆˆ แ‹ˆแ‹ซแŠ” แŠ แŠ•แŒปแˆซแ‹Š แŒแˆแŒฝแАแ‰ต แ‹จแˆŒแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแŠ•แˆ แŠจแ‹ˆแ‹ซแŠ” แˆ…แˆแˆแ‰ต แ‰ แŠแ‰ต แ‹ตแˆญแˆปแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แˆ˜แ‹แˆตแ‹ต แ‹จแˆšแˆแˆแŒ‰ แ‰ฃแŠฅแ‹ณแŠ• แ‰ฐแ‹ฐแˆแˆจแ‹ แŠจ40-50 แ‹ซแˆแ‰ แˆˆแŒก แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ฐแŒˆแŠแ‰ฐแ‹แ‰ แ‰ณแˆ።
แŠ แ‹ณแˆซแˆน แ‰ฃแ‹ถ แ‹จแˆ˜แŠชแŠ“ แˆ›แ‰†แˆšแ‹ซแ‹ แ‰ฃแ‹ถ แˆ†แŠ–แ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆญแ‰ แ‰ฐแ‰ แ‰ฑแ‰ต แ‹จแ‹ˆแ‹ซแŠ” แŒ€แˆŒแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠ‘แˆแŠ• แŠ‘แˆแŠ• แŠฅแ‹ซแˆ‰ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆ›แŒฅแŠ– แˆตแˆแŠญ แŒฅแˆช แˆฐแ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒ‰แˆ แ‰ฐแ‹ฐแˆแŒ แ‹‹แˆ። แˆ›แ‹จแ‰ต แˆ›แˆ˜แŠ• แАแ‹ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ‰ แ‰ แ‰ฆแ‰ณแ‹ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒˆแŠ™ แˆƒแŒˆแˆญ แ‹Žแ‹ณแ‹ถแ‰ฝ แˆˆแŠฅแˆ›แŠแАแ‰ต แ‹ซแАแˆถแ‰ธแ‹ แŽแ‰ถแŒแˆซแŽแ‰ฝ แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ• แŠฅแ‹แАแ‰ณ แแŠ•แ‰ตแ‹ แŠ แ‹ตแˆญแŒˆแ‹ แ‹ซแˆณแ‹ซแˆ‰። แ‹จแ‹ˆแ‹ซแŠ”แ‹ แŠ แ‹ญแŒ‹ แŽแˆจแˆ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ตแŒแˆซแ‹ญ แŠฆแŠ• แˆ‹แ‹ญแŠ• แ‰ แŽแ‰ถแˆพแ• แŠชแˆณแˆซแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แ‹ฐแ‰ แ‰… แ‰ขแˆžแŠญแˆฉแˆ แŠฅแ‹แАแ‰ณแ‹ แแŒนแˆ แˆŒแˆ‹ แАแ‹።
แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰€แ‹ แ‰ แ‹ˆแ‹ซแŠ” แŠ แŒˆแ‹›แ‹ แŒ‹แ‹œแŒ แŠžแ‰ฝ แŠ แˆธแ‰ฃแˆช แ‰ แˆ˜แ‰ฃแˆ แ‹˜แ‰ฅแŒฅแ‹ซ แ‹ˆแˆญแ‹ฐแ‹‹แˆ፤ แ‹จแˆƒแ‹ญแˆ›แŠ–แ‰ต แŠ แ‰ฃแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆžแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แˆฐแ‹ฐแ‰ต แŠฅแŒฃ แˆแŠ•แ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹ แˆ†แŠ–แˆ፤ แŒˆแ‹ณแˆ›แ‰ต แ‰ฐแ‹ฐแแˆจแ‹‹แˆ፤แ‹œแŒŽแ‰ธ แ‰ แˆซแˆณแ‰ธแ‹ แˆƒแŒˆแˆญ แŠจแ‰ฆแ‰ณ แ‰ฆแ‰ณ แ‰ฐแ‹˜แ‹‹แ‹แˆจแ‹ แˆƒแ‰ฅแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แŠ•แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ต แ‹จแˆ›แแˆซแ‰ต แˆ˜แ‰ฅแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‰ฐแАแแŒˆแ‹‹แˆ፡ แŠ แˆ›แˆญแŠ› แ‰ฐแŠ“แŒ‹แˆช แ‹จแˆ†แŠ‘ แŠฅแŠ“แ‰ถแ‰ธ แŠฅแŠ“ แŠฅแˆ…แ‰ถแ‰ธ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆ˜แŠญแŠ• แˆ˜แ‹ตแˆƒแŠ’แ‰ต แ‰ แˆ˜แˆตแŒ แ‰ต แ‹จแŠ แˆ›แˆซแ‹ แ‰แŒฅแˆญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแ‰€แŠ•แˆต แ‰ฐแ‹ฐแˆญแŒ‰แ‹‹แˆ። แŠฅแˆตแˆญ แ‰คแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‰ แ‰ฐแ‰ƒแ‹‹แˆš แ“แˆญแ‰ฒ แŠ แ‰ฃแˆ‹แ‰ต แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‰ แŠฆแˆฎแˆแŠ› แ‰ฐแŠ“แŒ‹แˆช แ‹ˆแŒˆแŠ–แ‰ปแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ฐแŒจแŠ“แŠ•แ‰‹แˆ፤ แ‹จแŠ‘แˆฎ แ‹แ‹ตแАแ‰ฑ แŠฅแˆ›แ‹ญแ‰€แˆ˜แˆต แˆ†แŠ–แˆ፤ แ‰ แˆแˆญแŒซ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆธแАแˆแ‹ แ‹ˆแ‹ซแŠ” แ‰ แŒ แˆซแˆซ แŒธแˆƒแ‹ญ แ‹ซแˆแ‰ณแŒ แ‰  แˆ…แŒปแŠ“แ‰ตแŠ•  แ‰ แŠ แ‹ฐแˆต แŠ แ‰ แ‰ฃ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ แˆŒแˆŽแ‰ฝ แŠญแ‰ฐแˆžแ‰ฝ แ‰ แŒแ แˆแŒ…แ‰ทแˆ። แ‹จแŠฅแˆตแˆแˆแŠ“ แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‹ญ แŠ แˆแˆ‹แˆ‹แŒŠ แ‹ˆแŒˆแŠ–แ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ แŠ แˆธแ‰ฃแˆชแАแ‰ต แŠจแˆฑแ‹‹แˆ፤ แ‰ แˆ˜แˆƒแŠจแˆˆแŠ›แ‹ แˆแˆตแˆซแ‰… แ‹ˆแŒฃแ‰ต แˆดแ‰ต แŠฅแˆ…แ‰ถแ‰ปแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆˆแ‹˜แˆ˜แŠ“แ‹Š แ‰ฃแˆญแАแ‰ต แ‰ แˆ˜แ‹ณแˆจแŒ แ‰ แ‰ณแˆชแŠซแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ณแ‹ญแ‰ถ แŠฅแˆ›แ‹ญแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰… แ‹แˆญแ‹ฐแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆฐแАแˆแ‰ฆแŠ“ แŒ แ‰ฃแˆณ แŒฅแˆŽแ‰ฅแŠ“แˆ። แ‰ แŒ‹แˆแ‰คแˆ‹ แ‹œแŒŽแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ แˆ›แˆแŠ“แ‰€แˆ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแ‹แŒช แŒ‰แ‰ฆ แˆฐแŒญแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆˆแˆ แ‰ฆแ‰ณ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแ‹ญแ‹™ แŠ แ‹ตแˆญแŒŽแˆ፤ แ‰ แŠฆแŒ‹แ‹ดแŠ• แŒแ‹ตแ‹ซแ‹ แŠ แˆตแŒˆแ‹ตแ‹ถ แˆ˜แ‹ตแˆแˆฉ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆฐแ‰ฅแŠ แ‹Š แˆ˜แ‰ฅแ‰ต แŒฅแˆฐแ‰ฑ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแ‰€แŒ แˆˆ แАแ‹፤ แŠ แˆแŽ แ‰ฐแˆญแŽแˆ แ‹จแˆƒแŒˆแˆซแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹ตแŠ•แ‰ แˆญ แˆˆแˆฑแ‹ณแŠ• แ‰ แŠฅแŒ… แˆ˜แŠ•แˆปแАแ‰ต แ‰ฐแˆฐแŒฅแ‰ทแˆ። แ‹›แˆฌ แ‰ณแ‹ตแ‹ซ แˆแŠ‘ แ‰ฐแ‰€แ‹จแˆจแŠ“ แАแ‹ แ‹ญแˆ… แŒŽแŒ แŠ› แ‰กแ‹ตแŠ• แŒ‹แˆญ แˆ˜แ‰ฐแ‰ƒแ‰€แ แ‹ซแˆตแˆแˆˆแŒˆแ‹?
แ‰ แˆ˜แŒจแˆจแˆปแˆ แ‰ แ‹šแˆ… แ‹จแ‰ฃแŠ•แ‹ณแ‹ˆแ‰ฝ แˆดแˆซ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซแ‹แ‹ซแŠ• แŒแˆซ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแ‹ญแŒ‹แ‰ก แŠฅแŠ“ แˆฐแˆแ‹แ‰ฝแ‹แŠ• แŠจแ‹ˆแŒˆแŠ–แ‰ปแ‰ธแ‹ แŒ‹แˆญ แŠฅแАแ‹ฒแ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒ‰ แ‹จแŒฅแˆช แ‹ˆแˆจแ‰€แ‰ถแ‰ปแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ‹แ‹ˆแŒฃแ‰ฝแˆแˆแŠ• แ‹ตแˆ…แˆจแŒˆแŒพแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ แ‰ฆแ‰ณแ‹ แ‰ฐแŒˆแŠแ‰ณแ‰ฝแˆ แ‹ตแˆแŒปแ‰ฝแˆแŠ• แˆ‹แˆฐแˆ›แ‰ฝแˆ แ‹ˆแŒˆแŠ–แ‰ปแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ แˆ™แˆ‰ แˆแ‰ฃแ‹Š แˆแˆตแŒ‹แŠ“แ‰ฝแŠ• แŠฅแ‹จแŒˆแˆˆแŒฝแŠ• แ‰ตแŒแˆ‹แ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹ญแ‰€แŒฅแˆ‹แˆ แ‹ˆแ‹ซแŠ”แˆ แ‹ซแˆˆแŒฅแˆญแŒฅแˆญ แ‰ แˆ…แ‹แ‰ฃแ‹Š แ‰ตแŒแˆ แ‹ญแŒˆแˆจแˆฐแˆณแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แˆ‹แˆˆแŠ•። แ‰ฐแ‰ƒแ‹‹แˆžแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆแˆ›แ‰ตแŠ• แˆณแ‹ญแˆ†แŠ• แ‰ แˆแˆ›แ‰ต แˆตแˆ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ฐแˆจแŒˆแ‹แŠ• แˆ™แˆตแŠ“ แŠฅแŠ“ แŠขแแ‰ตแˆƒแ‹Š แ‹จแˆ†แА แ‹จแŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ณแ‹ฐแˆญ แ‰ แ‹ฐแˆ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แˆ แˆŠแˆฐแˆ˜แˆญแ‰ แ‰ต แ‹ญแŒˆแ‰ฃแˆ።
แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แˆˆแ‹˜แˆ‹แˆ‹แˆ แ‰ตแŠ‘แˆญ!!!
แ‹จแˆณแŠ•แˆ†แ‹œ แˆ€แŒˆแˆญ แ‹ˆแ‹ณแ‹ถแ‰ฝ แŒแ‰ฅแˆจแˆƒแ‹ญแˆ::

แ‹จแŒคแ แˆแˆญแ‰ตแŠ• แˆˆแ‹แŒญ แŒˆแ‰ แ‹ซ፣ แ‹ญแ‰แˆ แˆŠแ‰ฃแˆ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแ‰ฃ!


แŠ แˆฐแŒแ‹ต แŠฃแˆจแŒ‹ (แŠฎแˆˆแˆแ‰ แˆต – แŠฆแˆƒแ‹ฎ)
แˆฐแˆžแŠ‘แŠ• แˆตแˆˆแŒคแ แˆแˆญแ‰ณแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแ‰ฃแ‹•แ‹ณแŠ‘ แ‰ฅแ‹™แˆƒแŠ• แˆ˜แŒˆแŠ“แŠ› แŠ แŒ€แ‰ฅ แŠฅแ‹ซแˆ‰แŠ• แАแ‹፤ แˆˆแ‹˜แˆ˜แŠ“แ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹ฐแ‰ แ‰€แ‹ แ‹จแ‹˜แˆฉ แŒˆแˆ˜แŠ“ แˆ˜แŒ‹แˆˆแŒกแŠ• แŠฅแ‹จแАแŒˆแˆฉแŠ• แАแ‹፤ แˆตแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹˜แ‹ แŠ•แŒฅแˆจ แАแŒˆแˆญ፣ แˆตแˆˆแŒคแŠ“แˆ›แАแ‰ฑ፣ แ‰ แˆแ‹•แˆซแ‰ก แŒˆแ‰ แ‹ซ แˆตแˆˆแˆ˜แˆแˆˆแŒ‰፣ แŠจแˆแˆˆแˆ แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆตแˆˆ แ‹แŒญ แˆแŠ•แ‹›แˆช แˆแŠ•แŒญแАแ‰ฑ። แˆแŒแ‰ฅแАแ‰ฑ แ‰ฐแ‰ตแˆจแแˆญแŽ แ‹จแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แˆ…แ‹แ‰ฅ แˆ›แˆตแ‰€แˆ˜แŒซ – แ‰ฆแ‰ณ แ‹ซแŒฃ แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆตแˆ፣ แ‹จแ‹ˆแŠ•แ‹™ แˆแŒ†แ‰ฝ แŒญแˆแˆญ ፣ แŒคแ-แ‹จแŒคแ แ‹˜แˆญ፣ แŠฅแŠ•แŒ€แˆซ ፣ แ‰ฅแˆฐแŠฉแ‰ต፣ แŠฌแŠญ แˆ†แŠ– แˆแŒแ‰ฅ แ‰ แ‹แ‰ถแ‰ แ‰ต แˆˆแˆšแ‰€แŠ“แŒฃแ‹ แˆˆแ‹แŒญ แŒˆแ‰ แ‹ซ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแАแŒ‰แ‹ต แŠจแˆแ‹•แˆซแ‰ฃแ‹แ‹ซแŠ‘ แŒ‹แˆญ แŠ แ‰ฅแˆจแŠ• แŠจแ‰ แˆฎ แŠฅแ‹จแ‹ฐแˆˆแ‰…แŠ• แАแ‹፤ แŠ แ‹ฐแ‰ฅ แˆแŠ•แŒˆแ‹› แ‹ญแŒˆแ‰ฃแˆ።Ethiopian unique grain Teff
แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ™แ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰น แ‹ˆแ‰…แ‰ณแ‹ŠแŠ“ แ‰ แ‰‚ แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แŠฅแˆฐแŠซแˆ‹แˆตแŒจแ‰ แŒกแŠ• แ‹ตแˆจแˆต፣ แ‰ แ‹šแˆ… แแˆแ แŠ แ‰…แˆซแ‰ข แ‹•แˆแАแ‰ต፣ แˆแˆญแ‰ณแˆ›แАแ‰ฑ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ…แ‰ แ‰ต แŠฅแˆญแŒˆแŒฅ แ‹จแˆ†แАแ‹แŠ•แŠ“ – แ‰ แ‹ฐแˆƒแ‹ แŒˆแ‰ แˆฌ แˆ›แˆณ แ‹›แˆฌแˆ แˆ†แА แ‹จแ‹›แˆฌ 100 แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ต แ‰ แˆ„แŠญแ‰ณแˆญ แŠจแ‹˜แŒ แŠ แŠฉแŠ•แ‰ณแˆ แ‹ซแˆแ‹˜แˆˆแˆˆแ‹แŠ• ፣ แ‰ฐแŒˆแ‰ข แ‹จแˆแˆญแˆแˆญแŠ“ แŒฅแŠ“แ‰ต แŠฅแŒˆแ‹› แ‰ แ‹™แˆชแ‹ซแ‹‰ แ‹ซแˆ‹แŠ•แ‹ฃแ‰ แ‰ แ‹แŠ• แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ• แ‰ฅแ‰ธแŠ› แ‹จแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แˆแŒ… – แŒคแ ፣ แŠ แˆแŠ• แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‰ แ‰ต แ‹ฐแˆจแŒƒ แˆˆแ‹‰แŒญ แŒˆแ‰ แ‹ซ แ‰ แ‹แŒญ แˆแŠ•แ‹›แˆช แˆแŠ•แŒญแАแ‰ต แ‰ แˆฐแŠแ‹ แˆˆแˆ›แ‰…แˆจแ‰ฅ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹ซแ‹˜แ‹ แŠฅแŠ•แ‰…แˆตแ‰ƒแˆด แ‹จแˆแˆญแ‰ฑแŠ•แˆ แˆ†แА แ‹จแˆ…แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ฐแˆตแ‰กแŠ• แ‹จแŠ‘แˆฎ แ‹•แ‹แАแ‰ณ แ‹ซแˆ‹แŒˆแŠ“แ‹แ‰  ፣แŠจแˆแˆจแˆฑ แŠฎแˆญแ‰ปแ‹ แ‹“แ‹ญแАแ‰ต แАแ‹። แ‰ แˆแˆญแ‰ฑ แˆ…แˆแ‹แŠ“แŠ“ แ‰ แˆธแˆ›แ‰น แ‹จแ‹•แˆˆแ‰ต แ‰ฐแ‹•แˆˆแ‰ต แŠ‘แˆฎ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹ซแˆแ‰ฐแˆแˆˆแŒˆ แŒฆแˆญแАแ‰ต แŠญแ‰ฐแ‰ต แ‹จแˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‹ซแˆ…แˆ แАแ‹። แ‰ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แ‰ แŠฉแˆ แ‰†แˆ แ‰ฐแ‰ฅแˆŽ แŠฅแАแ‹ฐแŒˆแŠ“ แˆŠแˆแ‰ฐแˆฝ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแ‰ฃ แŠ แ‰ฅแ‹ญ แ‰ฅแˆ”แˆซแ‹Š แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‹ญ แАแ‹።
แŒคแ‹แ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ฑ แ‹จแˆ›แŠ•แАแ‰ณแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ˜แŒแˆˆแŒซ፣ แˆจแˆƒแ‰ฅแŠ• แ‰ฐแ‹‹แŒŠ – แ‰ฅแˆ„แˆซแ‹Š แŒฆแˆซแ‰ฝแŠ• แАแ‹፤ แ‹ตแŠ•แ‰ แˆญ แŠ แˆตแŠจแ‰ฃแˆชแ‹ซแ‰ฝแŠ• แАแ‹‰። “แ‹จแ‹•แˆˆแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แŒ€แˆซแ‰ฝแŠ•แŠ• แŠ แ‰ณแˆณแŒฃแŠ•” แŠฅแ‹ซแˆแŠ• แˆˆแˆแŒฃแˆช แ‰ขแ‹ซแŠ•แˆต แ‰ แ‰€แŠ• แŠ แŠ•แ‹ด፣ แŠจแˆ†แАแˆแŠ•แˆ แˆถแˆตแ‰ด แ‹จแˆแŠ•แŒธแˆแ‹ญแˆˆแ‰ต แ‹จแŒคแŠ“แ‰ฝแŠ• แˆแˆฐแˆถ แАแ‹፤ แŠจแˆšแ‹ซแˆ˜แŒฃแ‹ แ‹ถแˆ‹แˆญ แ‹ญแˆแ‰… แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแ‰ณแŒแˆฐแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแˆŠแ‹ฎแŠ• แˆจแˆƒแ‰ฅแ‰ฐแŠ› แˆ†แ‹ต แˆšแ‹›แŠ• แ‹จแ‹ฐแ‹ แАแ‹፤ แ‰ แ‹จแˆถแˆตแ‰ตแŠ“ แŠ แˆซแ‰ต แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ฑ แŠ แŠ•แŒˆแ‰ต แŠ แˆตแ‹ฐแŠแŠ“ แ‰ฅแˆ„แˆซแ‹Š แ‹แˆญแ‹ฐแ‰ต แ‹จแˆ†แАแ‹แŠ• แ‹จแˆแˆ˜แŠ“ แŠฅแŒ… แŠจแˆ˜แ‹˜แˆญแŒ‹แ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ตแŠ• แАแ‹። แˆˆแŠฅแŠ› แˆˆแ‹œแŒŽแ‰ฟ แˆแˆญแ‰ฑ แŠจแ‰กแŠ“แŠ“ แŠจแ‹ˆแˆญแ‰ƒแ‰ฝแŠ•แˆ แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แАแ‹፤แ‹จแˆฑแˆต แˆ›แˆญแŠชแ‹ซ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แˆ แˆญแŒแŠ“ แ‰ แ‹“แˆ แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแŒ แ‰ แ‰€ แ‰ฅแ‰… แ‹จแˆšแˆ แˆ›แŒŒแŒซ แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆ፤ แˆณแ‹ญแ‰ฐแˆญแˆแŠ• แ‰กแŠ“แŠ“ แ‹ˆแˆญแ‰… แˆˆแ‹แŒญ แŒˆแ‰ แ‹ซ แ‰ฅแŠ•แˆแŠญ แ‰ แˆ•แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฃแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ›แˆ…แ‰ แˆซแ‹Š แˆ…แ‹ญแ‹ˆแ‰ต แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆ˜แŒฃแ‹ แ‰€แ‹แˆต แ‹จแˆˆแˆ፣แ‹จแˆšแ‰ แŒ… แŠฅแŠ•แŒ‚። แˆณแ‹ญแ‰ฐแˆญแˆแŠ• แ‹จแŒคแ แ‹˜แˆญแŠ• แ‰ แŒฅแˆฌแ‹แˆ แˆ†แА แ‰ แŠฅแŠ•แŒ€แˆซ แˆˆแ‹แŒญ แŒˆแ‰ แ‹ซ แˆ˜แˆตแ‹ฐแ‹ต แŒแŠ• แˆ€แŒˆแˆซแ‹Š แŒฅแ‰ƒแ‰ต แАแ‹። แŠฅแŠ›แАแ‰ณแ‰ฝแŠ•แŠ• แˆณแ‹ซแˆตแŠจแ‰ฅแˆญ แŠจแˆ€แŒˆแˆญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแ‹ญแ‹ˆแŒฃ፣ แˆˆแ‰ฃแ‹•แ‹ณแŠ• แˆฒแˆณแ‹ซ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแ‹ญแˆ†แŠ• แ‰ แ‹ซแˆˆแŠ•แ‰ แ‰ต แ‹˜แ‰ฅ แˆแŠ•แ‰†แˆแˆˆแ‰ต แ‹ซแˆตแˆแˆแŒ‹แˆ፤ แ‹จแˆ˜แˆตแŠฉ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ™แ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠจแˆแˆญแˆแˆญ แŒฃแ‰ขแ‹ซแ‰ฝแ‹ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แˆ…แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ฐแˆตแ‰ก แˆ˜แ‹ตแˆจแŠญ แ‹ˆแŒฃ แ‰ฅแˆˆแ‹ แˆตแˆˆ แŒคแ แˆแ‹ฉ แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆญแ‹ญ፣ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซแ‹ŠแАแ‰ต፣ แˆŠแАแŒแˆฉแŠ•แŠ“ แŒฅแ‰ฅแ‰…แŠ“ แˆŠแ‰†แˆ™ แ‹ญแŒˆแ‰ฃแˆ፤ แ‹จแŒคแ แˆแˆญแ‰ต แ‹ซแˆˆแ‰ แ‰ตแŠ• แ‹จแˆแˆญแ‰ณแˆ›แАแ‰ต แ‹ฐแˆจแŒƒ แˆŠแ‰ฐแАแ‰ตแŠ‘แˆแŠ• ፣ แˆˆแ‹แŒญ แˆแŠ•แ‹›แˆช แ‹จแˆ˜แ‹‹แˆแŠ• แ‰ฅแˆ„แˆซแ‹Š แŒ แ‰€แˆœแ‰ณแŠ“ แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‰ต แŒแŠ•แ‹›แ‰ค แˆŠแ‹ซแˆตแŒจแ‰ฅแŒกแŠ• แ‹ซแˆปแˆ፤แ‰ฅแˆ„แˆซแ‹Š แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‰ฑ แŠจแˆ˜แ‹ตแˆจแˆฑ แ‰ แŠแ‰ต แŠจแˆ˜แŠจแˆ‹แŠจแˆ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซแ‹Š แˆƒแ‹ญแˆ‹แ‰ฝแŠ•แŠ• แˆ›แˆณแˆจแ‰ แˆ‹แˆˆแ‹แŠ“ แˆˆแˆ˜แŒชแ‹ แ‰ตแ‹แˆแ‹ต แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹แˆˆแ‰ณ แ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒˆแŠ“แˆ።
แ‰ แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ฑ ፣ แ‹จแŒคแ แ‹˜แˆญแŠ• แˆ…แˆˆแ‹แŠ“ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆแ‰ณแ‰ฐแА แ‹จแŠญแ‰ฐแ‰ต แŒฅแˆช แˆฒแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ แ‹ญแˆ… แ‹จแˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซแ‹ แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆ፤ แ‰ แ‹ฐแˆญแŒ แ‹˜แˆ˜แА แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แ‹จแŒˆแ‰ แˆฌแ‹ แ‹จแŒคแ แˆ›แˆณ แˆแˆญแ‰ณแˆ›แАแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹ แŠจแ แ‰ฃแˆ‰ แŠ แ‹แ‹•แˆญแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแ‰ฐแŠซ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒแŠ“ แ‰ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹ฐแŒˆแˆ “แŒฅแŠ“แ‰ต” แ‰€แˆญแ‰ฆ แˆˆแŠ แˆแŒปแŒธแˆ™ แ‰ แ‰ฐแ‹ˆแˆฐแŠ‘ แ‹จแˆ€แŒˆแˆชแ‰ฑ แŠญแˆแˆŽแ‰ฝ แˆธแ‰ฅ-แˆจแ‰ฅ แ‰ฐแ‰ฅแˆŽ แАแ‰ แˆญ። แŒฅแŠ“แ‰ฑ แˆแˆญแ‰ณแˆ›แ‹Žแ‰น แ‰ แ‰†แˆŽ፣ แˆตแАแ‹ดแŠ“ แ‹ตแŠ•แ‰ฝ แˆแˆญแ‰ณแˆ› แ‹ซแˆแˆ†แАแ‹แŠ• แ‹จแŒคแ แ‹˜แˆญ แ‰ขแ‰ฐแŠฉ፣ แ‹จแˆ€แŒˆแˆชแ‰ฑแŠ• แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ณแ‹Š แ‹จแˆแˆญแ‰ต แŠฅแŒฅแˆญแ‰ต แŠจแˆ˜แˆธแˆแŠ• แŠ แˆˆแˆแ‹ แˆˆแˆ˜แŒชแ‹ แŠ แˆ˜แ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแˆปแŒˆแˆญ แˆแˆญแ‰ต แˆˆแˆ›แŠจแˆ˜แ‰ธแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแ‰ปแˆ แ‹ซแˆตแˆจแŒˆแŒ  แАแ‰ แˆญ። แ‰ฐแŒแ‰ฃแˆซแ‹ŠแАแ‰ฑ แŠจแŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ต แŠ แˆแ‰ฐแˆปแŒˆแˆจแˆ። แ‰ แ‹ญแ‹˜แ‰ฑ แŠจแ‹›แˆฌแ‹ แŒฅแˆช แ‰ขแˆˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‰ แŒˆแ‰ แˆฌแ‹ แŠ‘แˆฎแŠ“ แ‰ แŒคแ แˆ…แˆแ‹แŠ“ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŒฅแˆŽแ‰ต แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆจแ‹ แŠ แ‹ฐแŒ‹ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆณแˆณแ‹ญ แ‰ฐแ…แŠฅแŠ– แАแ‰ แˆจแ‹። แ‹แˆณแŠ”แ‹แŠ•แˆ แˆ†แА แŠ แˆแŒปแ€แˆ™แŠ• แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰ƒแ‹ˆแˆ™ แŒฅแ‰‚แ‰ต แ‹ˆแŒˆแŠ–แ‰ฝ แАแ‰ แˆฉ፤ แˆ˜แ‹ตแˆจแŠฉแˆ แ‹ˆแ‰…แ‰ฑแˆ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ˜แแ‰€แ‹ฑ แŠ แˆแ‰ฐแ‹ฐแˆ˜แŒกแˆ። แ‹แˆณแŠ”แ‹ แŠจแˆ›แ‹•แŠจแˆ แ‹ˆแŒฅแ‰ถ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แŒˆแŒ แˆฉ – แŠจแŒˆแ‰ แˆฌแ‹ แˆ›แˆณ แŠ แˆ˜แˆซ፤ แŒˆแ‰ แˆฌแ‹ แŒคแ‰แŠ• แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แŒ“แ‹ณแ‹ แˆ˜แˆแˆถ፣ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแ‰ณแ‹˜แ‹˜แ‹ แˆ›แˆณแ‹แŠ• แ‰ แˆแˆญแ‰ณแˆ›แ‹Žแ‰น แ‰ แ‰†แˆŽแŠ“ แ‹ตแŠ•แ‰ฝ แŠ แˆญแˆ˜แˆฐแˆ˜แˆฐแ‹። แˆ˜แˆฐแ‰ฅแˆฐแ‰ฅ แŠจแˆšแ‰ฝแˆˆแ‹ แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆ›แˆจแˆต แˆแˆแ‹ฑแˆ แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆ‰แˆ แ‹ซแˆแАแ‰ แˆจแ‹ แŒˆแ‰ แˆฌ แŠ แ‰…แˆ™แŠ“ แŒŽแ‰ฐแˆซแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฝแˆˆแ‹แŠ• แ‹ซแˆ…แˆ แˆฐแ‰ฅแˆตแ‰ฆ แ‹จแ‰€แˆจแ‹แŠ• แŠจแˆ›แˆณแ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ฐแ‹ˆแ‹፤ แ‹ˆแ‹ตแˆž แ‰€แˆจ። แ‰ แŒŽแ‰ฐแˆซ แ‹ซแŠจแˆ›แ‰ธแ‹ แˆตแŠ•แ‹ดแˆ แ‰ แАแ‰€แ‹ แ‰ฐแŒ แ‰ƒ፤ แ‰ แ‰†แˆŽแŠ“ แ‹ตแŠ•แ‰ฝ แ‹จแŠจแ‰ฐแˆœแ‹แŠ• แŒˆแ‰ แ‹ซ แ‰ขแ‹ซแŒฅแˆˆแ‰€แˆแ‰€แ‹แˆ แ‹‹แŒ‹แ‹ แ‰ แˆ˜แ‹แ‹ฐแ‰ แŒˆแ‰ แˆฌแ‹แŠ• แŠจแŠชแˆณแˆซ แ‹ณแˆจแŒˆแ‹፤แ‰ แŠ แˆญแˆฒแŠ“ แ‰ฃแˆŒ แ‰ แˆฐแŠแ‹ แ‹จแ‰ณแˆจแˆฐแ‹ แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แŠฅแˆญแˆป แˆแˆญแ‰ตแˆ แˆˆแ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆณแˆณแ‹ญ แŠ แ‹ฐแŒ‹ แ‰ฐแŒ‹แˆˆแŒ ፤ แŠ แ‰…แˆแŠ• แ‹ซแˆ‹แŒˆแŠ“แ‹˜แ‰  แ‹แˆณแŠ”፣ แ‰ แ‰ แ‰‚ แŒŠแ‹œ፣ แŒˆแŠ•แ‹˜แ‰ฅ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ™แ‹ซ แ‹ซแˆแ‰ฐแ‹ฐแŒˆแˆ แˆแˆญแ‰ตแŠ“ แˆแˆญแ‰ณแˆ›แАแ‰ตแŠ• แ‹จแˆ›แˆณแ‹ฐแŒ‰ แ‹˜แˆ˜แ‰ป แŠ แ‰ฃแ‹œ፣ แˆˆแˆŒแˆ‹ แŠ แˆตแŠจแŠ แ‰ฝแŒแˆญ แŒˆแ‰ แˆฌแ‹แŠ•แˆ፣ แˆธแˆ›แ‰นแŠ•แˆ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ตแŠ•แˆ แŒญแˆแˆญ แŠ แŒ‹แˆแŒฆ แŠ แˆˆแˆ።
แŠจแˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แ‹ซแˆˆแˆ˜แˆ›แˆญ แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ€แŠ“แ‹ˆแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹ แŒˆแ‹ฅแ‹Žแ‰ปแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ แˆ˜แŒชแ‹ แ‹จแ‹•แ‰…แ‹ต แŠ แˆ˜แ‰ตแˆ แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ณแ‹Š แ‰ฝแŒแˆฉแŠ• แ‰ฃแˆแˆแ‰ณแŠ“ แˆตแˆ™แŠ• แ‰ฅแ‰ป แ‰ แ‰€แ‹จแˆจ แŠฅแ‰…แ‹ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแ‰€แŒฅแˆ แ‰ฐแ‰ƒแŒฅแ‰ถ แАแ‰ แˆญ፤ แ‰ แ‹šแˆ… แŒŠแ‹œ แŒฅแ‰‚แ‰ต แ‰†แˆซแŒฅ แ‹จแˆ†แŠ‘ แ‹จแŒคแ แˆแˆญแ‰ต แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆซแˆ›แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹ตแˆแŒธ-แŠ แˆแ‰ฃ แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆจแ‹แŠ• แ‹จแŒˆแ‰ แˆฌแ‹แŠ• แ‹ตแˆแŒฝ แŠจแ แŠ แˆญแŒˆแ‹ แ‰ แˆ›แˆตแ‰ฐแŒ‹แ‰ฃแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹แŠ“ แ‰ แ‰แŒฅแˆญ แŠจแˆแˆˆแ‰ต แ‹ซแˆแ‰ แˆˆแŒก แ‹จแŒŠแ‹œแ‹ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆตแˆแŒฃแŠ“แ‰ตแŠ• แŒแŠ•แ‹›แ‰ค แˆŠแ‹ซแŒˆแŠ™ แ‰ แˆ˜แ‰ปแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹፣ แŠจแŒˆแ‰ แˆฌแ‹ แŒ‰แ‹ซ แ‰ฐแ‹ฐแ‰ฅแ‰† แ‹จแˆฐแАแ‰ แ‰ฐแ‹ แ‹จแŒคแ แ‹˜แˆญ แ‰ แŒแˆ‹แŒญ แ‹ˆแŒฅแ‰ถ แŠจแˆ›แˆณแ‹ แˆŠแˆ˜แˆˆแˆต แ‰ แ‰ƒ። แ‹›แˆฌ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซแŠ“แ‰ฝแŠ• แŠฅแАแ‹šแ‹ซแŠ• แ‹จแˆ˜แˆฐแˆ‰ แˆˆแŒˆแŠ•แ‹˜แ‰ฅแŠ“ แˆˆแŒแˆ แˆตแˆแŒฃแŠ• แ‹ซแˆ‹แ‹ฐแˆฉ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆซแˆ›แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฟแŠ•แŠ“ แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แˆƒแˆ‹แŠแ‹Žแ‰ฟแŠ• แ‰ แ‰ฃแ‰ตแˆช แ‹จแˆแ‰ตแˆแˆแŒแ‰ แ‰ต แ‹ˆแ‰…แ‰ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แАแ‰ฝ። แŠ แˆแŠ• แ‰ แˆแŠ• แˆแŠ”แ‰ณ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแŒˆแŠ™ แ‹จแ‹šแˆ… แแˆแ แŠ แ‰…แˆซแ‰ข แˆˆแˆ›แˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒฅ แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แ‰ฃแ‹ญแŠ–แˆจแ‹แˆ፣ แ‰ แ‹šแ‹ซแŠ• แ‹ˆแ‰…แ‰ต แ‰ แŒคแ แ‹˜แˆญแŠ“ แˆแˆญแ‰ณแˆ›แАแ‰ต แŒฅแŠ“แ‰ตแŠ“ แˆแˆญแˆแˆญ แ‹™แˆชแ‹ซ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆฐแˆˆแ‰แ‰ต แˆณแ‹ญแŠ•แ‰ฒแˆตแ‰ถแ‰ปแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ˜แˆ€แŠจแˆ แŠฅแА แ‹ถ/แˆญ แˆฐแ‹ญแ‰ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ›แŠ“ แ‰ฃแˆแ‹ฐแˆจแ‰ฆแ‰ปแ‰ธแ‹ แˆˆแŠ แ‰ฅแАแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแŒ แ‰€แˆฑ แ‹จแˆ€แŒˆแˆชแ‰ฑ แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹แˆˆแ‰ณ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹። แ‹ถ/แˆญ แˆฐแ‹ญแ‰ แ‹จแŒคแ แ‹˜แˆญ แˆˆแ‹˜แˆ˜แŠ“แ‰ต แŠ แˆ‹แАแ‹ณแ‰ฝ แ‹จแ‰ดแŠญแŠ–แˆŽแŒ‚แŠ“ แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แ‹ตแŒ‹แ แ‹จแˆ˜แ‰†แ‹จแ‰ต แˆšแˆตแŒฅแˆญแŠ• แŠ แ‰ แŠญแˆฎ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแˆแŒฝ แ‹จแˆแˆญแˆแˆญ แˆตแˆซ (Tef ፤ Eragrostis tef , 1993) แˆˆแ‰ฐแАแ‰ฃแ‰ขแАแ‰ต แŠ แ‰ฅแ‰…แ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆ፤ แ‰ แ‹šแ‹ซ แŒฅแŠ“แ‰ณแ‹Š แˆตแˆซแ‰ธแ‹ แŒˆแ‰ แˆฌแ‹‰แŠ• แŒญแˆแˆญ แŠฅแˆ›แŠ แ‰ แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแАแŒˆแˆฉแŠ•፣ แ‹จแŒคแ แ‹˜แˆญ แŠจแˆ›แŠ•แŠ›แ‹แˆ แˆแˆญแ‰ต แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆปแˆˆ แ‹ตแˆญแ‰…แŠ•แˆ แˆ†แА แŠจแ‰ฃแ‹ต แ‹แŠ“แ‰ฅแŠ• แ‹จแˆ˜แ‰‹แ‰‹แˆ แˆแ‹ฉ แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆญแ‹ญ แ‹จแŒˆแ‰ แˆฌแ‹แŠ• แ‰€แˆแ‰ฅ แ‹จแˆณแ‰  แАแ‹።
แŒคแ แ‰ แˆแŒแ‰ฅแАแ‰ฑ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ… แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแ‹›แˆฌแ‹ แ‹จแˆ€แ‰ฅแ‰ณแˆ™ แŠ แˆแАแ‰ แˆจแˆ፤ แ‹ฐแˆ€แ‹ แ‰ฝแŒแˆญ แˆฒแŒ‹แˆแŒ แ‹ แŠฅแ‹จแ‹ฐแ‰ แ‰€፣ แŠฅแ‹จแ‰†แŒ แ‰  แ‹จแˆšแ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ แˆณแˆญ แАแ‰ แˆจ። แ‹จแ‹˜แˆฉแŠ• แ‹˜แˆญแˆ-แ‰ฅแ‹™ แŒ แ‰€แˆœแ‰ณ แ‹ฐแˆ€แ‹แˆ แˆ€แ‰ฅแ‰ณแˆ™แˆ แŒˆแ‰ แˆฌ แ‰ แŠฅแŒ…แŒ‰ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆจแ‹ฑแ‰ต แ‰ แˆ—แˆ‹ แŠจแ‰ตแ‹แˆแ‹ต แ‰ตแ‹แˆแ‹ต แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰€แ‰ฃแ‰ แˆ‰แ‰ต แŠฅแ‹šแˆ… แˆˆแˆ˜แ‹ตแˆจแˆต แ‰ แ‰…แ‰ทแˆ። แ‰ แ‰ฐแ‹˜แˆซแ‰ แ‰ต แˆ›แˆณ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐ แˆตแŠ•แ‹ดแŠ“ แ‰ แ‰†แˆŽ แ‰ แ‹แŠ“แˆ แŠฅแŒฅแˆจแ‰ตแˆ แˆ†แА แ‰ฅแ‹›แ‰ต แ‹ˆแ‹ตแˆž แŠ แ‹ญแ‰€แˆญแˆ፤ แŒˆแ‰ แˆฌแ‹แŠ• แŠ แˆ˜แ‹ต แŠ แ‹แˆฝ แŠ แ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒแˆ፤ แ‹จแŒ แ‰ แ‰€แ‹แŠ• แ‹ซแˆ…แˆ แ‰ฃแ‹ซแŒˆแŠแˆ แˆˆแ‹˜แˆญ แ‹ซแˆ…แˆ แŠ แ‹ซแˆณแŒฃแ‹แˆ። แ‰ แŒŽแ‰ฐแˆซ แˆฒแŠจแˆ›แ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแ‰ฐแ‰€แˆฉแ‰ต แˆแˆญแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‰ แАแ‰€แ‹ แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆแˆญแˆ፣ แŒญแ‹ฑ แ‹จแŠฅแŠ•แˆตแˆณแ‰ฑ แ‰ฐแ‹ˆแ‹ณแŒ… แˆแŒแ‰ฅ፣ แ‹จแŒŽแŒ†แ‹ แŒแ‹ตแŒแ‹ณ แˆ›แŒˆแˆญ แˆ˜แˆ˜แˆจแŒŠแ‹ซ แАแ‹። แ‰ แŒˆแ‰ข แˆแŠ•แŒญแАแ‰ฑแˆ แŠ แŠ•แŒ€แ‰ต แŠ แˆซแˆฝ แАแ‹። แ‹จแŒคแ แ‹˜แˆญ แ‹จแˆธแˆ›แ‰นแˆ แˆแ‹ฉ แ‹ˆแ‹ณแŒ… แАแ‹፤ แ‰ แˆจแŠจแ‰ต แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹ แŠฅแˆ…แˆ แАแ‹፤ แŒแˆ›แˆฝ แŠฉแŠ•แ‰ณแˆ แŒคแ แŠจแ‹ˆแแŒฎ แ‰คแ‰ต แ‹ˆแˆตแ‹ถ แˆ™แˆ‰ แŠฉแŠ•แ‰ณแˆ แ‹ฑแ‰„แ‰ต แ‰ฐแˆธแŠญแˆž แ‹จแˆšแˆ˜แˆˆแˆตแ‰ แ‰ต แАแ‹፤ แˆˆแ‹šแˆ…แˆ แАแ‹ แˆธแˆ›แ‰น แ‹จแ‹‹แŒ‹ แ‹แ‹ตแАแ‰ฑแŠ• แŠ แŒ แ‰ฅแ‰† แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆ›แˆญแˆญ። แ‰ แˆแŒแ‰ฅแАแ‰ฑแˆ แ‰ขแˆ†แŠ• แ‰ฐแ‹ˆแ‹ณแŒ…แŠ“ แˆแˆˆแŒˆแ‰ฅ แАแ‹፤ แ‰ฝแŒแˆญ แŠจแˆ˜แŒฃ แŠ แˆˆแˆ›แ‰ฃแ‹ซ፣ แŠ แˆˆแ‹šแ‹ซแˆ แ‰ แ‹ˆแ‰ฐแ‰ต แ‰ฐแˆแŒŽ ፣ แ‰ แˆšแŒฅแˆแŒฃ แ‰ฐแˆจแˆแ‹ถ แ‹ญแ‰ แˆ‹แˆ። แˆ›แ‰ฃแ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰น แˆณแ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆ˜แˆฉ แ‹จแŒคแ แ‹˜แˆญ แ‰ แˆซแˆฑ แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹แŠ“ แˆ˜แŒ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹ฉ แ‰ แˆญแŠซแ‰ณ แˆˆแˆฐแ‹แАแ‰ณแ‰ฝแŠ• แŒคแŠ“ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‹จแˆšแˆจแ‹ฑ แŠ•แŒฅแˆจแАแŒˆแˆฎแ‰ฝแŠ•(แ•แˆฎแ‰ฒแŠ•፣ แŠ แ‹ญแˆจแŠ•፣ แŠซแˆแˆตแ‹จแˆ፤ แ‹แ‹ญแ‰ แˆญ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹ฉ แ‰ซแ‹ญแ‰ณแˆšแŠ–แ‰ฝแŠ•) แŠ แ‹แˆŽ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแŠ แАแ‹። แ‹œแŠ“แ‹ แŠจแˆแ‹•แˆซแ‰ก แ‹“แˆˆแˆ แ‹จแ‹ˆแˆฌ แˆ›แˆฐแˆซแŒซ แŒฃแ‰ขแ‹ซ แŠซแˆแˆ˜แŒฃ แŒ†แˆฏแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠ แˆแˆฐแˆ› แ‰ฅแˆŽ แŠฅแŠ•แŒ‚፣ แŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆ። แ‹จแ‹ฐแ‰ฅแˆจแ‹˜แ‹ญแ‰ฑ แ‹จแŒแ‰ฅแˆญแŠ“ แˆแˆญแˆแˆญ แˆณแ‹ญแŠ•แ‰ฒแˆตแ‰ถแ‰ปแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแ‹›แˆฌ 25 แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ต แŠ แˆตแˆจแŒแŒ แ‹ แАแŒแˆจแ‹แŠ• แАแ‰ แˆญ። แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซแ‹แ‹ซแŠ‘ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆซแˆ›แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ• แ‹จแŒคแ แ‹˜แˆญ แ‰ฃแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แ‹แˆตแŠ• แŠ แ‰…แˆ แˆแˆญแ‰ณแˆ› แˆˆแˆ›แ‹ฐแˆจแŒ แŒฅแˆจแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแˆ˜แ‰€แŒ แˆ‰ แ‰ฐแ‰€แ‹ณแˆš แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ต แˆˆแˆแ‹•แˆซแ‰ฃแ‹แ‹ซแŠ• แ‹จแŒคแ แ‰ฅแˆตแŠฉแ‰ตแŠ“ แ‰ตแŠฉแˆต แŠฅแŠ•แŒ€แˆซ แˆˆแˆ˜แˆธแŒฅ แŠ แˆแАแ‰ แˆจแˆ፤ แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆ˜แˆ። แ‹‹แŠ“ แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ แˆšแˆŠแ‹ฎแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‰†แŒ แˆจแ‹ แ‹จแˆ€แŒˆแˆชแ‰ฑ แŒคแ แŠ แˆแˆซแ‰ฝ แŒˆแ‰ แˆฌ แˆˆแ‹˜แˆ˜แŠ“แ‰ต แŠจแ‹ซแ‹˜แ‹ แŠ แ‹ตแŠซแˆš แŠ แˆฐแˆซแˆญ แ‰ฐแˆ‹แ‰†แŠ“ แ‹จแ‹˜แˆ˜แŠ“แ‹Š แ‰ดแŠญแŠ–แˆŽแŒ‚ แ‰ฐแŒ แ‰ƒแˆš แˆ†แŠ– แˆแˆญแ‰ฑแŠ• แ‰ แˆตแ‹แ‰ตแŠ“ แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แŒฃแŒฃแŠ แ‹‹แŒ‹ แˆˆแ‰ แˆ‹แ‰ฐแŠ›แ‹ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแ‹ซแ‰€แˆญแ‰ฅ แˆ›แˆตแ‰ปแˆ แАแ‹። แ‰ แˆ€แŒˆแˆญ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แˆแˆญแ‰ฑแŠ• แ‹จแˆ›แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹‹แ‹ˆแ‰… แˆตแˆซ แˆณแ‹ญแˆ†แŠ•፣ แˆแˆญแ‰ฑ แ‹จแ‹ซแ‹˜แ‹ แŠ•แŒฅแˆจ-แАแŒˆแˆญ แˆแŠ• แ‹ซแˆ…แˆ แˆˆแŒคแŠ“แ‰ฝแŠ• แŠ แˆตแˆแˆ‹แŒŠ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆ†แА แŠ แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ฅ แ‰ แˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆ›แ‰ต แ‰ แŠฉแˆ แˆˆแˆ…แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ก แŒแŠ•แ‹›แ‰ค แˆ˜แˆตแŒ แ‰ต แАแ‹።
แ‰ แŒฅแŠ“แ‰ณแ‹Š แŒนแˆแ‹แ‰ธแ‹፣ แ‹จแŒคแ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆซแˆ›แˆชแ‹ แ‹ถ/แˆญ แˆฐแ‹ญแ‰ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแАแŒแˆฉแŠ•፣ แ‰ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แˆˆแˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซ แŒŠแ‹œ แ‰ แŒคแ แˆแˆญแ‰ฑ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹ซแ‰ฐแŠฎแˆจ แˆณแ‹ญแŠ•แˆณแ‹Š แˆแˆญแˆแˆญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒ€แˆ˜แˆจแ‹ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐ แŠ แ‹แˆฎแŒณ แŠ แ‰†แŒฃแŒ แˆญ แ‰  1950 แ‹Žแ‰น แˆ˜แŒจแˆจแˆป แŒแ‹ตแˆ แˆฒแˆ†แŠ•፣ แ‹จแˆ˜แŒ€แˆ›แˆชแ‹ซแ‹ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซแ‹Šแ‹ แ‹จแŒคแ แˆณแ‹ญแŠ•แ‰ฒแˆตแ‰ต แ‹ถ/แˆญ แˆ˜แˆ‹แŠญ-แˆƒแ‹ญแˆˆ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแˆป แ‹ญแ‰ฃแˆ‹แˆ‰። แŠฅแŠ’แˆ… แˆ™แˆแˆญ แˆตแˆˆแŒคแ แ‹˜แˆญ แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆช แŒฅแŠ“แ‰ตแŠ“ แˆแˆญแˆแˆญ แŠจแˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แŒ€แˆแˆฎ แ‰ แŒแ‰ฅแˆญแŠ“ แŠฎแˆŒแŒ†แ‰ฝแŠ“ แ‹จแŠฅแˆญแˆป แˆแˆญแˆแˆญ แŒฃแ‰ขแ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ฐแŒˆแ‰ขแ‹แŠ• แ‰ตแŠฉแˆจแ‰ต แŠ แŒแŠแ‰ถ แˆแˆญแˆแˆฉ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแ‰€แŒฅแˆ แ‰ แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹‹แ…แŠฆ แŠ แ‹ตแˆญแŒˆแ‹‹แˆ። แ‰ แˆ˜แ‰€แŒ แˆˆแˆ แˆŒแˆ‹แ‹ แˆณแ‹ญแŠ•แ‰ฒแˆตแ‰ต แ‹ถ/แˆญ แ‰ณแˆจแ‰€ แ‰ แˆญแˆ„ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆฐแŠ™ แ‰ แŒคแ แˆแˆญแ‰ต แˆแˆญแˆแˆญ แˆ‚แ‹ฐแ‰ต แŒแŠแ‰ฑ แŠฅแŒ…แŒ แŠ แˆตแ‰ธแŒ‹แˆช แ‹จแˆ†แАแ‹แŠ•แŠ“ แ‰ แˆแˆญแ‰ณแˆ›แАแ‰ฑ แˆแ‹ฉ แˆšแŠ“ แ‹จแˆšแŒซแ‹ˆแ‰ฐแ‹แŠ• แ‹จแŒคแ แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆญแ‹ญ (The Pollination Habit of Tef) แŒแŠแ‰ต แ‰ แ‰ฐแŒจแ‰ฃแŒญ แ‰ แˆ›แˆณแ‹จแ‰ต แ‰ แˆ™แ‹ซ แŠ แŒ‹แˆฎแ‰ปแ‰ธแ‹ แŠ แ‹ตแŠ“แ‰†แ‰ตแŠ• แ‹ซแ‰ฐแˆจแ‰ แ‹จแˆ˜แˆตแŠฉ แ‰ฃแˆแ‹ฐแˆจแ‰ฃ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹። แ‰ แŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ… แŒแŠแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ แˆ˜แŠ•แ‰ฐแˆซแˆฐ แ‹ถ/แˆญ แˆฐแ‹ญแ‰แŠ“ แ‰ฃแˆแ‹ฐแˆจแ‰ฆแ‰ปแ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ แ‹ฐแ‰ฅแˆจแ‹˜แ‹ญแ‰ต แ‹จแŒแ‰ฅแˆญแŠ“ แˆแˆญแˆแˆญ แˆ›แ‹•แŠจแˆ แ‰ แŒ€แˆ˜แˆฉแ‰ต แ‹จแŠ“แˆ™แŠ“ แŠฅแˆญแˆป፣ แ‰ แˆ„แŠญแ‰ณแˆญ 8 แŠฅแŠ“ 9 แŠฉแŠ•แ‰ณแˆ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแ‰†แˆ˜แ‹ แ‹จแŒคแ แˆแˆญแ‰ต แŠจ 20 แŠฉแŠ•แ‰ณแˆ แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆˆแˆ›แˆแˆจแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‰ปแˆแ‰ แ‰ต แˆแŠ”แ‰ณ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแˆˆ แˆŠแ‹ซแˆตแˆ˜แ‹˜แŒแ‰ก แ‰ แ‰…แ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆ። แ‹ญแˆ… แ‹ตแŠ•แ‰…แŠ“ แ‰ฐแˆตแ‹ แˆแŠ•แŒฃแ‰‚ แ‹แŒคแ‰ต፣ แ‹›แˆฌ แˆตแˆˆแ‹ฐแˆจแˆฐแ‰ แ‰ต แˆแŠ”แ‰ณ แ‹ˆแ‰…แ‰ณแ‹Š แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แˆˆแˆ›แŒแŠ˜แ‰ต แ‹จแ‹šแˆ… แแˆแ แŠ แ‰…แˆซแ‰ข แˆแ‰น แˆแŠ”แ‰ณ แ‰ฃแ‹ญแŠ–แˆจแ‹แˆ ፣ แŠจแ‰ฐแŒจแ‰ฃแŒฉ แ‹จแˆ€แŒˆแˆชแ‰ฑ แˆแŠ”แ‰ณ แˆ˜แŒˆแŠ•แ‹˜แ‰ฅ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแ‰ปแˆˆแ‹ แ‹จแˆแˆญแ‰ณแˆ›แŠ•แ‰ฑ แˆ›แАแ‰† แŠ แˆแŠ•แˆ แ‹ตแˆจแˆต แŠฅแАแ‹ณแˆแ‰ฐแˆแ‰ณ แАแ‹፤ แ‰ แŠ แ‰ฅแ‹›แŠ›แ‹ แŒˆแ‰ แˆฌ แˆ›แˆณ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแŒคแ แˆแˆญแ‰ตแŠ“ แˆแˆญแ‰ณแˆ›แАแ‰ต แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ…แ‰ แ‰ต แŠฅแˆญแŒˆแŒฅ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แАแ‹። แ‰ แ‹จแŠญแˆแˆ‰ แ‰ แ‹ฐแ‰ฅแ‰…แŠ“ แ‰ แŒˆแˆ€แ‹ต แ‹จแˆจแˆ€แ‰ฅ แŠ แˆˆแŠ•แŒ‹ แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰€แŒฃ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹ แˆ…แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฅแˆ แ‰ แŠฅแˆ›แŠแАแ‰ฑ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ˆแˆˆแ‹ณ แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆ።
แ‰ แˆŒแˆ‹ แ‰ แŠฉแˆ – แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹ฉ แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแ‹ซแˆ˜แˆˆแŠญแ‰ฑแ‰ต – แ‹จแŒคแ แˆแˆญแ‰ต แŠจแˆ€แŒˆแˆญ แ‹แŒญแˆ แ‰ แŠ แˆœแˆชแŠซ፣แ‰ แŠซแŠ“แ‹ณ፣ แ‰ แŠ แ‹แˆฎแŒณ፣ แ‰ แŠ แ‹แˆตแ‰ตแˆซแˆŠแ‹ซแŠ“ แ‰ แŠ แแˆชแŠซแˆ แŒญแˆแˆญ แˆˆแˆ›แ‰ฅแ‰€แˆ แŒฅแˆจแ‰ฑ แ‰ฐแ‹ญแ‹Ÿแˆ፤ แ‰ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แŠ แ‹จแˆญแŠ“ แŠ แˆแˆญ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ แ‰…แˆˆแ‹แŠ• แ‹จแŒคแ แ‹˜แˆญ แˆŠแ‰ฐแŠซ แ‰ฃแ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆแˆ፣ แˆˆแŒคแ แˆแˆญแ‰ณแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‰ แŒ แˆแˆˆแ‰ต แŠฅแŒˆแ‹›แ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แ‹•แ‹ฐแˆ‰ แ‹จแˆฐแ‹ แАแ‹። แ‹จแˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซแ‹፣ แ‹จแŒคแแŠ• แˆแˆญแ‰ณแˆ›แАแ‰ต แˆˆแˆ›แˆณแ‹ฐแŒ แŠจแ‰ แ‰ƒ፣ แˆˆแŒแ‰ฅแˆญแŠ“แ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒ แ‰€แˆ™แ‰ แ‰ตแŠ• แ‰ดแŠญแŠ–แˆŽแŒ‚ แ‰ แŒฅแŠ•แ‰ƒแ‰„ แŠ แŒขแŠ– แˆˆแˆ€แŒˆแˆซแ‰ฝแŠ• แŒคแ แˆแˆญแ‰ณแˆ›แАแ‰ต แ‰ แŠ แŒ‹แ‹ฅแАแ‰ต แˆˆแˆ›แˆฐแˆˆแ แˆ˜แ‰ปแˆ‰ แАแ‹። แˆแˆˆแ‰ฐแŠ›แ‹፣ แ‹จแˆ€แŒˆแˆชแ‰ฑแŠ• แ‹จแˆแŒแ‰ฅ แแˆ‹แŒŽแ‰ต แˆณแ‹ซแˆŸแˆ‹፣ แ‰ฃแˆแ‰ฐแˆ˜แŒฃแŒ แА แ‹‹แŒ‹ แŠจแ‹ฐแˆƒแ‹ แŒˆแ‰ แˆฌ แ‰ฐแ‹˜แˆญแŽแŠ“ แŠจแ‰ แˆ‹แ‰ฐแŠ›แ‹ แŠ แ แ‰ฐแАแŒ แ‰† แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แ‹แŒญ แ‰ แ‰€แˆ‹แˆ‰ แŠฅแ‹จแ‹ˆแŒฃ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹แŠ• แŒคแ แŒŠแ‹šแ‹ซแ‹Š แŠฅแŽแ‹ญแ‰ณ แˆˆแˆ›แˆฐแŒ แ‰ต แŠ แ‰…แˆ™ แˆ˜แŠ–แˆฉ แАแ‹። แ‰ แ‰€แŒฅแ‰ณแˆ แˆ†แА แ‰ แ‰ฐแ‹˜แ‹‹แ‹‹แˆช แ‹จแŒฅแ‰‚แ‰ต แ‰ฃแˆˆแŒŠแ‹œ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆตแˆแŒฃแŠ“แ‰ตแŠ•แŠ“ แАแŒ‹แ‹ดแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠชแˆต แŠจแˆ˜แˆ™แˆ‹แ‰ต แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ แ‰ฅแˆ”แˆซแ‹Š แ‹แ‹ญแ‹ณ แŠฅแАแ‹ฐแˆŒแˆˆแ‹ แ‰ แ‹ญแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแАแŒˆแˆจแˆˆแ‰ต แ‹ญแˆ… แ‹จแˆ€แŒˆแˆชแ‰ฑ แŒคแ፣ แˆˆแ‹แŒญ แŒˆแ‰ แ‹ซ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแ‹ญแ‹แˆ แŒฅแˆช แ‹จแˆ˜แ‹ฐแˆจแŒ‰ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ฑแˆ แˆ˜แˆแ‹•แŠญแ‰ต แ‹จแˆ€แŒˆแˆญ แ‰คแ‰ฑแŠ• แŒคแ แˆˆแˆƒแŒˆแˆญ ፤แ‹จแ‹แŒญแ‹แŠ• แˆˆแ‹แŒญ แ‹จแˆšแˆ แАแ‹። แ‰ แ‹‹แŠ“ แ‹‹แŠ“ แ‹ซแˆœแˆชแŠซ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆžแ‰ฝ แАแ‹‹แˆช แ‹จแˆ†แŠ‘ แ‰ตแ‹แˆแ‹ฐ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซแ‹แ‹ซแŠ•แŠ“ แ‹ˆแ‹ณแŒ†แ‰ปแ‰ธแ‹ แŠจแˆ€แŒˆแˆญ แ‰คแ‰ต แ‰ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แŠ แ‹จแˆญ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต แŒญแˆแˆญ แ‰ฐแŒญแŠ– แ‹จแˆšแˆ˜แŒฃแ‹แŠ• แ‰ตแŠฉแˆต แŠฅแŠ•แŒ€แˆซแŠ“ แŒฅแˆฌ แŒคแ แˆธแˆ›แ‰น แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแ‹ญแŒˆแ‹› แ‹ตแˆแŒปแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แŠฅแ‹ซแˆฐแˆ™ แАแ‹፤ แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆณแ‰ณแŠ แАแŒ‹แ‹ผแ‹Žแ‰ฝแˆ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆ›แ‹•แ‰€แ‰ฅ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแŒฃแˆ แŒแŠแ‰ต แŠฅแ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ‰ แАแ‹፤ แˆแˆ‹แˆน แŒแŠ• แŠ แŒฅแŒ‹แ‰ข แˆ†แŠ– แŠ แ‹ญแ‰ณแ‹ญแˆ። แˆแ‹•แˆซแ‰ฃแ‹แ‹ซแŠ‘ แŒคแแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐ แŒฃแˆŠแ‹ซแŠ‘ แ’แˆณ แŠฅแˆตแŠจแˆšแˆˆแˆแ‹ฑแ‰ต แ‹ตแˆจแˆต แŠฅแŠ› แ‰ แ‹แŒญแ‹ แŠ แˆˆแˆ แАแ‹‹แˆช แ‹จแˆ†แŠ•แŠ• แ‹œแŒŽแ‰ฟ แ‹จแˆแˆจแŒ แˆ˜ แŠญแŠ•แ‹ต แŠ แˆˆแŠ•፤ แŠจแ‹ฐแˆ€แ‹ แŠ แ แ‰ฐแАแŒฅแ‰† แˆ›แ‹•แ‹ณแ‰ฝแŠ•แŠ• แŠฅแ‹ซแŒฃแ‰ แ‰  แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹แŠ• แ‹จแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แŠฅแŠ•แŒ€แˆซ – แ‹จแŒคแ แ‹˜แˆญ – แˆˆแˆ›แˆตแ‰†แˆ แ‰ตแŒแˆ‰แŠ• แˆ˜แ‰€แˆ‹แ‰€แˆ แ‹ญแŒ แ‰ แ‰…แ‰ฅแŠ“แˆ፤ แ‹จแ‹ญแ‰แˆ แŒฅแˆชแ‹แˆ แ‰…แ‹ฑแˆต แŒฅแˆช แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘፤ แŠจแŒŽแŠ“แ‰ธแ‹ แˆแŠ•แ‰†แˆ แ‹ซแˆตแˆแˆแŒ‹แˆ።
แŒคแŠ“แˆ›แ‹แŠ• แŠฆแˆญแŒ‹แŠ’แŠญ แŒคแ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แ‰ฃแ‹•แ‹ต แˆƒแŒˆแˆญ แˆฐแ‹ฐแŠ• แ‰ แŠฌแˆšแŠซแˆ แ‹ซแ‰ แ‹ฐแ‹แŠ•แŠ“ แˆˆแ‰ แˆฝแ‰ณ แˆ˜แˆซแ‰ขแ‹ซแАแ‰ต แˆแ‰น แ‹จแˆ†แАแ‹แŠ• แ‹จแ‰ฃแ‹•แ‹ต แŠฅแˆ…แˆ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แˆ€แŒˆแˆญ แŠจแˆ›แˆตแŒˆแ‰ฃแ‰ต ፣ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‹จแŒคแแŠ• แŠฆแˆญแŒ‹แŠ’แŠซแ‹Š แ‹ญแ‹˜แ‰ต แˆˆแˆšแ‹ซแ‰ƒแ‹แˆฑ แ‰ฃแ‹•แ‹ณแŠ• แАแŒ‹แ‹ดแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ“ แˆณแ‹ญแŠ•แ‰ฒแˆตแ‰ถแ‰ปแ‰ธแ‹ แŠ แŒ‹แˆแŒ แŠ• แŠจแˆ˜แˆตแŒ แ‰ต፤ แˆแŠ•แ‹ตแŠ• แ‹จแˆแŠ•แ‰ฝแˆˆแ‹፣ แ‹œแŒŽแ‰ฟ แ‰ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆ†แАแŠ• แˆˆแˆแˆญแ‰ฑ แ‹ฐแˆ…แŠ•แАแ‰ตแŠ“ แˆแˆญแ‰ณแˆ›แАแ‰ต แ‹˜แ‰ฅ แˆตแŠ•แ‰†แˆ แ‰ฅแ‰ป แАแ‹።แˆ€แŒˆแˆชแ‰ฑ แ‹ˆแŒฃแ‰ต แ‹จแŒคแ แˆณแ‹ญแŠ•แ‰ฒแˆตแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‰ แŒฅแˆซแ‰ตแŠ“ แ‰ แ‰ฅแ‹›แ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ตแ‰ณแˆแˆซ ፣ แ‹จแˆแˆญแˆแˆญแŠ“ แŒฅแŠ“แ‰ต แ‹˜แˆญแ‰ แˆ€แŒˆแˆซแ‹ŠแŠ“ แŠ แˆˆแˆ แ‹“แ‰€แ‹แ‹Š แ‰ตแŠฉแˆจแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแ‹ซแŒˆแŠแŠ“፤ แ‰ แ‰‚ แ‹จแˆ˜แ‹‹แ‹•แˆˆ แАแ‹‹แ‹ญ แˆแˆฐแˆต แˆˆแ‹˜แˆญแ‰ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแ‹ฐแˆจแŒแˆˆแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ‰ แ‰ฐแŠจแ‰ณแ‰ณแ‹ญ แŒฅแˆจแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆˆแŒคแ แˆแˆญแ‰ณแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ฐแŠ› แˆˆแ‹แŒฅ แˆ˜แˆแŒฃแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆ แˆจแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแŒฅแˆ‰ แ‰ฅแ‰ป แˆณแ‹ญแˆ†แŠ‘፣ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐ แˆ€แŒˆแˆญ แŠ แŠ•แŒˆแ‰ทแŠ• แ‰€แŠ“ แŠ แ‹ตแˆญแŒ‹ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ตแ‰ตแˆ„แ‹ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแ‰ธแˆ‹แ‰ต แАแ‹። แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แˆ†แŠ• แŠซแ‰ แ‰ƒแŠ•፣ แŠจแŠญแˆจแˆฐแ‰ถแˆต แˆแ‹ฐแ‰ต แ‰ แŠแ‰ต แŒ€แˆแˆฎ แ‹จแŒˆแ‰ แˆฌแ‹ แ‰ฝแŒแˆญ แ‹ฐแˆซแˆฝแŠ“ แŠ แˆˆแŠแ‰ณ แˆ†แŠ– แŠฅแ‹›แˆฌ แ‹ตแˆจแˆต แŠฅแˆตแ‰ฐแŠ•แ‹แˆฑ แ‹จแ‰†แ‹จแ‹ แ‹จแŒคแ แ‹˜แˆซแ‰ฝแŠ•፣ แˆแˆญแ‰ณแˆ›แАแ‰ฑ แŠจแ แ‰ฅแˆŽแŠ“ แŠจแŒฅแ‰‚แ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆ›แ‹•แ‹ต แ‹ˆแŒฅแ‰ถ แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แŒฃแŒฃแŠ แ‹‹แŒ‹ แ‰ แˆšแˆŠแ‹ฎแŠ• แˆ…แ‹˜แ‰ฅ แˆ›แ‹•แ‹ต แ‰ แˆ˜แ‹ฐแ‰ แŠ›แˆ แˆ†แА แ‰ แŠ แˆ›แˆซแŒญ แˆแŒแ‰ฅแАแ‰ต แ‹จแˆแŠ“แˆตแ‰ฐแŠ“แŒแ‹ตแ‰ แ‰ต แ‹ญแˆ†แŠ“แˆ። แŠจแ‰ฐแŒ แАแŠจแˆจแˆ፣ แˆ€แŒˆแˆชแ‰ฑ แˆˆแŒคแ แˆแˆญแ‰ต แ‰ แˆšแ‹แˆ แˆ˜แŒ แА-แˆฐแŠ แˆ˜แˆฌแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ณแ‹ฐแˆˆแ‰ฝ แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ—፤ แ‹›แˆฌ แŠจแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แŠ แ‹ญแ‹แŒฃ แŠฅแ‹ซแˆแŠ• แ‹จแˆแŠ•แŒฎแˆ…แˆˆแ‰ต แŒคแ – แ‹ซแŠ” แˆˆแ‹แŒญ แŒˆแ‰ แ‹ซ แŒญแˆแˆญ แ‰ แˆ˜แ‹‹แˆ- แ‰กแŠ“แŠ“ แ‹ˆแˆญแ‰ƒแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ฐแ‹ฐแˆแˆจแ‹ แŠจแˆšแ‹ซแŒˆแ‰กแ‰ต แ‹จแ‹แŒญ แˆแŠ•แ‹›แˆช แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆปแˆˆ แŒˆแ‰ข แŠ แˆตแŒˆแŠšแŠ“ แ‹จแˆ€แŒˆแˆชแ‰ฑ แ‹จแˆแˆ›แ‰ต แŒˆแŠ•แ‰ข แˆ†แŠ– แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแ‰€แŒ แˆ แ‰ฐแˆตแ‹แ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ แŠฅแŒ…แŒ‰ แ‹จแ€แŠ“ แАแ‹።